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# Vulnerabilities

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## Introduction

This section describes how Erlang/OTP reports vulnerabilities for Erlang/OTP CVEs and third party dependencies on which Erlang/OTP builds upon.

Erlang/OTP reports all vulnerabilities using the OpenVEX specification. This specification allows to easily describe which CVEs affect which Erlang/OTP versions and specific OTP applications. It also records which CVEs from third parties affect (or do not affect) Erlang/OTP.

Erlang/OTP releases OpenVEX statements for currently maintained OTP releases under https://erlang.org/download/vex/. The filenames in that directory follow the pattern `otp-<release>.openvex.json`, where `<release>` corresponds to the OTP release number.

## Erlang/OTP VEX Statements

Erlang/OTP OpenVEX statements specify which Erlang/OTP versions are affected/fixed (e.g., `pkg:github/erlang/otp@OTP-28.0`), as well as the specific Erlang/OTP application number of all affected versions (e.g., `pkg:otp/ssh@5.3`).

As an example, a snippet of the https://erlang.org/download/vex/otp-28.openvex.json contains the vulnerability identified by `CVE-2025-48038`, followed by the status of the vulnerability (`affected`), the affected Erlang/OTP releases, namely `28.0`, `28.0.1`, and `28.0.2`, and the Erlang/OTP application that was vulnerable in application version `ssh@5.3`, `ssh@5.3.1`, and `ssh@5.3.2`. Erlang/OTP reports the affected versions using the release and the application versions because it is possible to update the application independently from the release. In some cases, there may be an optional action statement that describes a workaround to avoid the mentioned vulnerability.

    {
      "vulnerability": {
        "name": "CVE-2025-48038"
      },
      "timestamp": "2025-09-16T08:22:13.223967395Z",
      "products": [
        { "@id": "pkg:github/erlang/otp@OTP-28.0" },
        { "@id": "pkg:github/erlang/otp@OTP-28.0.1" },
        { "@id": "pkg:github/erlang/otp@OTP-28.0.2" },
        { "@id": "pkg:otp/ssh@5.3" },
        { "@id": "pkg:otp/ssh@5.3.1" },
        { "@id": "pkg:otp/ssh@5.3.2" }
      ],
      "status": "affected",
      "action_statement": "Update to any of the following versions: pkg:otp/ssh@5.3.3",
      "action_statement_timestamp": "2025-09-16T08:22:13.223967395Z"
    },

Erlang/OTP reports the fixed version in a similar fashion as follows, in the same document. As an example, there is a new statement for `CVE-2025-48038` with status `fixed`, that links to the first release that do not suffer from `CVE-2025-48038`, namely OTP version `28.0.3` and application `ssh@5.3.3`.

    {
      "vulnerability": {
        "name": "CVE-2025-48038"
      },
      "timestamp": "2025-09-16T08:22:13.241103494Z",
      "products": [
        { "@id": "pkg:github/erlang/otp@OTP-28.0.4" },
        { "@id": "pkg:github/erlang/otp@OTP-28.0.3" },
        { "@id": "pkg:otp/ssh@5.3.3" }
      ],
      "status": "fixed"
    },

## Third Party VEX Statements

Erlang/OTP generates statements for third parties from which the project depends on. It is really important to understand the scope of the third party applications, since Erlang/OTP vendors some libraries as part of the runtime.

Vendoring means that Erlang/OTP code contains a local copy of a library. There are numerous use cases for why this is necessary, and we will not cover the use cases here.

This excludes dynamically or statically linked libraries during the Erlang/OTP build process. For instance, any security related Erlang application will rely on dynamically or statically linked version of OpenSSL cryptolib.

Erlang/OTP reports vulnerabilities for any source code that is vulnerable and included in the Erlang/OTP release.

The OpenVEX statements for our third party libraries specify the affected/fixed version using the commit SHA1 from their respective repository. This is simply because our third party dependencies are in C/C++ and vulnerability scanners such as OSV report vulnerabilities in SHA1 ranges.

As an example, we mention that the OpenSSL code that Erlang/OTP vendors is not susceptible for `CVE-2023-6129`, as follows:

    {
      "vulnerability": {
        "name": "CVE-2023-6129"
      },
      "timestamp": "2025-06-18T12:18:16.47247833+02:00",
      "products": [
         { "@id": "pkg:github/openssl/openssl@01d5e2318405362b4de5e670c90d9b40a351d053" }
      ],
      "status": "not_affected",
      "justification": "vulnerable_code_not_present"
    }

Diving into the example, this means that Erlang/OTP vendors a version of `openssl` taken from commit `01d5e2318405362b4de5e670c90d9b40a351d053` from the repository `https://github.com/openssl/openssl/commit/01d5e2318405362b4de5e670c90d9b40a351d053` (version of OpenSSL 3.1.4). The `openssl` code that Erlang/OTP vendors can be found in `./lib/erl_interface/src/openssl/` and `./erts/emulator/openssl/`. The OpenVEX statement claims that the code in those folders is not susceptible to `CVE-2023-6129`. The claim is towards source code existing in Erlang/OTP.

In other words, the `not_affected` status refers to the library that Erlang/OTP vendors for OpenSSL (the library that comes included with Erlang/OTP). If you build Erlang/OTP and link to any OpenSSL version (e.g., 3.5.2 or even 3.1.4) during the building process, your project has now a new build and runtime dependency and may be subject to `CVE-2023-6129`.

## Windows Binaries

For the time being, Erlang/OTP Windows binaries are not reported in the OpenVEX specification.

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