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## org.hibernate.dialect
Class Dialect

    java.lang.Object
      org.hibernate.dialect.Dialect

All Implemented Interfaces:
  ConversionContext

Direct Known Subclasses:
  Cache71Dialect, CUBRIDDialect, DB2Dialect, FrontBaseDialect, H2Dialect, HSQLDialect, InformixDialect, IngresDialect, InterbaseDialect, JDataStoreDialect, MckoiDialect, MimerSQLDialect, MySQLDialect, Oracle8iDialect, Oracle9Dialect, PointbaseDialect, PostgreSQL81Dialect, ProgressDialect, RDMSOS2200Dialect, SAPDBDialect, SQLServerDialect, Sybase11Dialect, SybaseAnywhereDialect, SybaseASE15Dialect, SybaseDialect, TeradataDialect, TimesTenDialect

    public abstract class Dialect

extends Object
implements ConversionContext

Represents a dialect of SQL implemented by a particular RDBMS. Subclasses implement Hibernate compatibility with different systems.
Subclasses should provide a public default constructor that `register()` a set of type mappings and default Hibernate properties.
Subclasses should be immutable.

Field Summary
`static String` | `CLOSED_QUOTE`
`static String` | `DEFAULT_BATCH_SIZE`
`protected static LobMergeStrategy` | `LEGACY_LOB_MERGE_STRATEGY` The legacy behavior of Hibernate.
`protected static LobMergeStrategy` | `NEW_LOCATOR_LOB_MERGE_STRATEGY` Merge strategy based on creating a new LOB locator.
`static String` | `NO_BATCH`
`static String` | `QUOTE` Characters used for quoting SQL identifiers
`protected static LobMergeStrategy` | `STREAM_XFER_LOB_MERGE_STRATEGY` Merge strategy based on transferring contents based on streams.

Constructor Summary
`protected` | `Dialect()`

Method Summary
`String` | `appendIdentitySelectToInsert(String insertString)` Provided we `supportsInsertSelectIdentity()`, then attach the "select identity" clause to the insert statement.
`String` | `appendLockHint(LockMode mode, String tableName)` Some dialects support an alternative means to `SELECT FOR UPDATE`, whereby a "lock hint" is appends to the table name in the from clause.
`String` | `applyLocksToSql(String sql, LockOptions aliasedLockOptions, Map keyColumnNames)` Modifies the given SQL by applying the appropriate updates for the specified lock modes and key columns.
`boolean` | `areStringComparisonsCaseInsensitive()` Are string comparisons implicitly case insensitive.
`boolean` | `bindLimitParametersFirst()` Does the `LIMIT` clause come at the start of the `SELECT` statement, rather than at the end?
`boolean` | `bindLimitParametersInReverseOrder()` ANSI SQL defines the LIMIT clause to be in the form LIMIT offset, limit.
`SQLExceptionConversionDelegate` | `buildSQLExceptionConversionDelegate()` Build an instance of a `SQLExceptionConversionDelegate` for interpreting dialect-specific error or SQLState codes.
`SQLExceptionConverter` | `buildSQLExceptionConverter()` Deprecated. `buildSQLExceptionConversionDelegate()` should be overridden instead.
`char` | `closeQuote()` The character specific to this dialect used to close a quoted identifier.
`int` | `convertToFirstRowValue(int zeroBasedFirstResult)` Hibernate APIs explicitly state that setFirstResult() should be a zero-based offset.
`CaseFragment` | `createCaseFragment()` Create a `CaseFragment` strategy responsible for handling this dialect's variations in how CASE statements are handled.
`JoinFragment` | `createOuterJoinFragment()` Create a `JoinFragment` strategy responsible for handling this dialect's variations in how joins are handled.
`boolean` | `doesReadCommittedCauseWritersToBlockReaders()` For the underlying database, is READ_COMMITTED isolation implemented by forcing readers to wait for write locks to be released?
`boolean` | `doesRepeatableReadCauseReadersToBlockWriters()` For the underlying database, is REPEATABLE_READ isolation implemented by forcing writers to wait for read locks to be released?
`boolean` | `dropConstraints()` Do we need to drop constraints before dropping tables in this dialect?
`boolean` | `dropTemporaryTableAfterUse()` Do we need to drop the temporary table after use?
`boolean` | `forceLimitUsage()` Generally, if there is no limit applied to a Hibernate query we do not apply any limits to the SQL query.
`boolean` | `forUpdateOfColumns()` Is `FOR UPDATE OF` syntax supported?
`String` | `generateTemporaryTableName(String baseTableName)` Generate a temporary table name given the base table.
`String` | `getAddColumnString()` The syntax used to add a column to a table (optional).
`String` | `getAddForeignKeyConstraintString(String constraintName, String[] foreignKey, String referencedTable, String[] primaryKey, boolean referencesPrimaryKey)` The syntax used to add a foreign key constraint to a table.
`String` | `getAddPrimaryKeyConstraintString(String constraintName)` The syntax used to add a primary key constraint to a table.
`String` | `getAddUniqueConstraintString(String constraintName)` The syntax used to add a unique constraint to a table.
`String` | `getCascadeConstraintsString()` Completely optional cascading drop clause
`String` | `getCaseInsensitiveLike()` The name of the SQL function that can do case insensitive like comparison.
`String` | `getCastTypeName(int code)` Get the name of the database type appropriate for casting operations (via the CAST() SQL function) for the given `Types` typecode.
`ColumnAliasExtractor` | `getColumnAliasExtractor()`
`String` | `getColumnComment(String comment)`
`String` | `getCreateMultisetTableString()` Slight variation on `getCreateTableString()`.
`protected String` | `getCreateSequenceString(String sequenceName)` Typically dialects which support sequences can create a sequence with a single command.
`protected String` | `getCreateSequenceString(String sequenceName, int initialValue, int incrementSize)` Overloaded form of `getCreateSequenceString(String)`, additionally taking the initial value and increment size to be applied to the sequence definition.
`String[]` | `getCreateSequenceStrings(String sequenceName)` Deprecated. Use `getCreateSequenceString(String, int, int)` instead
`String[]` | `getCreateSequenceStrings(String sequenceName, int initialValue, int incrementSize)` An optional multi-line form for databases which `supportsPooledSequences()`.
`String` | `getCreateTableString()` Command used to create a table.
`String` | `getCreateTemporaryTablePostfix()` Get any fragments needing to be postfixed to the command for temporary table creation.
`String` | `getCreateTemporaryTableString()` Command used to create a temporary table.
`String` | `getCrossJoinSeparator()`
`String` | `getCurrentTimestampSelectString()` Retrieve the command used to retrieve the current timestamp from the database.
`String` | `getCurrentTimestampSQLFunctionName()` The name of the database-specific SQL function for retrieving the current timestamp.
`Properties` | `getDefaultProperties()` Retrieve a set of default Hibernate properties for this database.
`static Dialect` | `getDialect()` Get an instance of the dialect specified by the current `System` properties.
`static Dialect` | `getDialect(Properties props)` Get an instance of the dialect specified by the given properties or by the current `System` properties.
`String` | `getDropForeignKeyString()`
`protected String` | `getDropSequenceString(String sequenceName)` Typically dialects which support sequences can drop a sequence with a single command.
`String[]` | `getDropSequenceStrings(String sequenceName)` The multiline script used to drop a sequence.
`String` | `getDropTemporaryTableString()` Command used to drop a temporary table.
`String` | `getForUpdateNowaitString()` Retrieves the `FOR UPDATE NOWAIT` syntax specific to this dialect.
`String` | `getForUpdateNowaitString(String aliases)` Get the `FOR UPDATE OF column_list NOWAIT` fragment appropriate for this dialect given the aliases of the columns to be write locked.
`String` | `getForUpdateString()` Get the string to append to SELECT statements to acquire locks for this dialect.
`String` | `getForUpdateString(LockMode lockMode)` Given a lock mode, determine the appropriate for update fragment to use.
`String` | `getForUpdateString(LockOptions lockOptions)` Given LockOptions (lockMode, timeout), determine the appropriate for update fragment to use.
`String` | `getForUpdateString(String aliases)` Get the `FOR UPDATE OF column_list` fragment appropriate for this dialect given the aliases of the columns to be write locked.
`String` | `getForUpdateString(String aliases, LockOptions lockOptions)` Get the `FOR UPDATE OF column_list` fragment appropriate for this dialect given the aliases of the columns to be write locked.
`Map<String,SQLFunction>` | `getFunctions()` Retrieves a map of the dialect's registered functions (functionName => `SQLFunction`).
`String` | `getHibernateTypeName(int code)` Get the name of the Hibernate `Type` associated with the given `Types` type code.
`String` | `getHibernateTypeName(int code, int length, int precision, int scale)` Get the name of the Hibernate `Type` associated with the given `Types` typecode with the given storage specification parameters.
`protected String` | `getIdentityColumnString()` The syntax used during DDL to define a column as being an IDENTITY.
`String` | `getIdentityColumnString(int type)` The syntax used during DDL to define a column as being an IDENTITY of a particular type.
`String` | `getIdentityInsertString()` The keyword used to insert a generated value into an identity column (or null).
`protected String` | `getIdentitySelectString()` Get the select command to use to retrieve the last generated IDENTITY value.
`String` | `getIdentitySelectString(String table, String column, int type)` Get the select command to use to retrieve the last generated IDENTITY value for a particular table
`Set<String>` | `getKeywords()`
`protected String` | `getLimitString(String query, boolean hasOffset)` Apply s limit clause to the query.
`String` | `getLimitString(String query, int offset, int limit)` Given a limit and an offset, apply the limit clause to the query.
`LobMergeStrategy` | `getLobMergeStrategy()`
`LockingStrategy` | `getLockingStrategy(Lockable lockable, LockMode lockMode)` Get a strategy instance which knows how to acquire a database-level lock of the specified mode for this dialect.
`String` | `getLowercaseFunction()` The name of the SQL function that transforms a string to lowercase
`int` | `getMaxAliasLength()` What is the maximum length Hibernate can use for generated aliases?
`Class` | `getNativeIdentifierGeneratorClass()` The class (which implements `IdentifierGenerator`) which acts as this dialects native generation strategy.
`String` | `getNoColumnsInsertString()` The fragment used to insert a row without specifying any column values.
`String` | `getNullColumnString()` The keyword used to specify a nullable column.
`String` | `getQuerySequencesString()` Get the select command used retrieve the names of all sequences.
`String` | `getReadLockString(int timeout)` Get the string to append to SELECT statements to acquire WRITE locks for this dialect.
`ResultSet` | `getResultSet(CallableStatement statement)` Given a callable statement previously processed by `registerResultSetOutParameter(java.sql.CallableStatement, int)`, extract the `ResultSet` from the OUT parameter.
`String` | `getSelectClauseNullString(int sqlType)` Given a `Types` type code, determine an appropriate null value to use in a select clause.
`String` | `getSelectGUIDString()` Get the command used to select a GUID from the underlying database.
`String` | `getSelectSequenceNextValString(String sequenceName)` Generate the select expression fragment that will retrieve the next value of a sequence as part of another (typically DML) statement.
`String` | `getSequenceNextValString(String sequenceName)` Generate the appropriate select statement to to retrieve the next value of a sequence.
`protected SqlTypeDescriptor` | `getSqlTypeDescriptorOverride(int sqlCode)` Returns the `SqlTypeDescriptor` that should be used to handle the given JDBC type code.
`String` | `getTableComment(String comment)`
`String` | `getTableTypeString()`
`String` | `getTypeName(int code)` Get the name of the database type associated with the given `Types` typecode.
`String` | `getTypeName(int code, long length, int precision, int scale)` Get the name of the database type associated with the given `Types` typecode with the given storage specification parameters.
`ViolatedConstraintNameExtracter` | `getViolatedConstraintNameExtracter()`
`String` | `getWriteLockString(int timeout)` Get the string to append to SELECT statements to acquire WRITE locks for this dialect.
`boolean` | `hasAlterTable()` Does this dialect support the `ALTER TABLE` syntax?
`boolean` | `hasDataTypeInIdentityColumn()` Whether this dialect have an Identity clause added to the data type or a completely separate identity data type
`boolean` | `hasSelfReferentialForeignKeyBug()`
`boolean` | `isCurrentTimestampSelectStringCallable()` Should the value returned by `getCurrentTimestampSelectString()` be treated as callable.
`boolean` | `isLockTimeoutParameterized()` If this dialect supports specifying lock timeouts, are those timeouts rendered into the `SQL` string as parameters.
`char` | `openQuote()` The character specific to this dialect used to begin a quoted identifier.
`Boolean` | `performTemporaryTableDDLInIsolation()` Does the dialect require that temporary table DDL statements occur in isolation from other statements? This would be the case if the creation would cause any current transaction to get committed implicitly.
`boolean` | `qualifyIndexName()` Do we need to qualify index names with the schema name?
`String` | `quote(String name)` Apply dialect-specific quoting.
`protected void` | `registerColumnType(int code, long capacity, String name)` Subclasses register a type name for the given type code and maximum column length.
`protected void` | `registerColumnType(int code, String name)` Subclasses register a type name for the given type code.
`protected void` | `registerFunction(String name, SQLFunction function)`
`protected void` | `registerHibernateType(int code, long capacity, String name)` Registers a Hibernate `Type` name for the given `Types` type code and maximum column length.
`protected void` | `registerHibernateType(int code, String name)` Registers a Hibernate `Type` name for the given `Types` type code.
`protected void` | `registerKeyword(String word)`
`int` | `registerResultSetOutParameter(CallableStatement statement, int position)` Registers an OUT parameter which will be returning a `ResultSet`.
`SqlTypeDescriptor` | `remapSqlTypeDescriptor(SqlTypeDescriptor sqlTypeDescriptor)` Allows the dialect to override a `SqlTypeDescriptor`.
`boolean` | `replaceResultVariableInOrderByClauseWithPosition()` Does this dialect require that references to result variables (i.e, select expresssion aliases) in an ORDER BY clause be replaced by column positions (1-origin) as defined by the select clause?
`boolean` | `requiresCastingOfParametersInSelectClause()` Does this dialect require that parameters appearing in the `SELECT` clause be wrapped in `cast()` calls to tell the db parser the expected type.
`boolean` | `supportsBindAsCallableArgument()` Does this dialect support using a JDBC bind parameter as an argument to a function or procedure call?
`boolean` | `supportsCascadeDelete()`
`boolean` | `supportsCaseInsensitiveLike()`
`boolean` | `supportsCircularCascadeDeleteConstraints()` Does this dialect support definition of cascade delete constraints which can cause circular chains?
`boolean` | `supportsColumnCheck()` Does this dialect support column-level check constraints?
`boolean` | `supportsCommentOn()`
`boolean` | `supportsCurrentTimestampSelection()` Does this dialect support a way to retrieve the database's current timestamp value?
`boolean` | `supportsEmptyInList()` Does this dialect support empty IN lists? For example, is [where XYZ in ()] a supported construct?
`boolean` | `supportsExistsInSelect()` Does the dialect support an exists statement in the select clause?
`boolean` | `supportsExpectedLobUsagePattern()` Expected LOB usage pattern is such that I can perform an insert via prepared statement with a parameter binding for a LOB value without crazy casting to JDBC driver implementation-specific classes...
`boolean` | `supportsIdentityColumns()` Does this dialect support identity column key generation?
`boolean` | `supportsIfExistsAfterTableName()`
`boolean` | `supportsIfExistsBeforeTableName()`
`boolean` | `supportsInsertSelectIdentity()` Does the dialect support some form of inserting and selecting the generated IDENTITY value all in the same statement.
`boolean` | `supportsLimit()` Does this dialect support some form of limiting query results via a SQL clause?
`boolean` | `supportsLimitOffset()` Does this dialect's LIMIT support (if any) additionally support specifying an offset?
`boolean` | `supportsLobValueChangePropogation()` Does the dialect support propagating changes to LOB values back to the database? Talking about mutating the internal value of the locator as opposed to supplying a new locator instance...
`boolean` | `supportsLockTimeouts()` Informational metadata about whether this dialect is known to support specifying timeouts for requested lock acquisitions.
`boolean` | `supportsNotNullUnique()`
`boolean` | `supportsOuterJoinForUpdate()` Does this dialect support `FOR UPDATE` in conjunction with outer joined rows?
`boolean` | `supportsParametersInInsertSelect()` Does this dialect support parameters within the `SELECT` clause of `INSERT ...`
`boolean` | `supportsPooledSequences()` Does this dialect support "pooled" sequences.
`boolean` | `supportsResultSetPositionQueryMethodsOnForwardOnlyCursor()` Does this dialect support asking the result set its positioning information on forward only cursors.
`boolean` | `supportsRowValueConstructorSyntax()` Is this dialect known to support what ANSI-SQL terms "row value constructor" syntax; sometimes called tuple syntax.
`boolean` | `supportsRowValueConstructorSyntaxInInList()` If the dialect supports `row values`, does it offer such support in IN lists as well? For example, "...
`boolean` | `supportsSequences()` Does this dialect support sequences?
`boolean` | `supportsSubqueryOnMutatingTable()` Does this dialect support referencing the table being mutated in a subquery.
`boolean` | `supportsSubselectAsInPredicateLHS()` Are subselects supported as the left-hand-side (LHS) of IN-predicates.
`boolean` | `supportsTableCheck()` Does this dialect support table-level check constraints?
`boolean` | `supportsTemporaryTables()` Does this dialect support temporary tables?
`boolean` | `supportsTupleCounts()` Does this dialect support `count(a,b)`?
`boolean` | `supportsTupleDistinctCounts()` Does this dialect support `count(distinct a,b)`?
`boolean` | `supportsUnboundedLobLocatorMaterialization()` Is it supported to materialize a LOB locator outside the transaction in which it was created? Again, part of the trickiness here is the fact that this is largely driver dependent.
`boolean` | `supportsUnionAll()` Does this dialect support UNION ALL, which is generally a faster variant of UNION?
`boolean` | `supportsUnique()` Does this dialect support the `UNIQUE` column syntax?
`boolean` | `supportsUniqueConstraintInCreateAlterTable()` Does this dialect support adding Unique constraints via create and alter table ?
`boolean` | `supportsVariableLimit()` Does this dialect support bind variables (i.e., prepared statement parameters) for its limit/offset?
`String` | `toBooleanValueString(boolean bool)` The SQL literal value to which this database maps boolean values.
`String` | `toString()`
`String` | `transformSelectString(String select)` Meant as a means for end users to affect the select strings being sent to the database and perhaps manipulate them in some fashion.
`boolean` | `useInputStreamToInsertBlob()` Should LOBs (both BLOB and CLOB) be bound using stream operations (i.e.
`boolean` | `useMaxForLimit()` Does the `LIMIT` clause take a "maximum" row number instead of a total number of returned rows? This is easiest understood via an example.

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object
`clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait`

Field Detail

### DEFAULT_BATCH_SIZE

    public static final String DEFAULT_BATCH_SIZE

See Also:
  Constant Field Values

### NO_BATCH

    public static final String NO_BATCH

See Also:
  Constant Field Values

### QUOTE

    public static final String QUOTE

  Characters used for quoting SQL identifiers

  See Also:
    Constant Field Values

### CLOSED_QUOTE

    public static final String CLOSED_QUOTE

See Also:
  Constant Field Values

### LEGACY_LOB_MERGE_STRATEGY

    protected static final LobMergeStrategy LEGACY_LOB_MERGE_STRATEGY

  The legacy behavior of Hibernate. LOBs are not processed by merge

### STREAM_XFER_LOB_MERGE_STRATEGY

    protected static final LobMergeStrategy STREAM_XFER_LOB_MERGE_STRATEGY

  Merge strategy based on transferring contents based on streams.

### NEW_LOCATOR_LOB_MERGE_STRATEGY

    protected static final LobMergeStrategy NEW_LOCATOR_LOB_MERGE_STRATEGY

  Merge strategy based on creating a new LOB locator.

Constructor Detail

### Dialect

    protected Dialect()

Method Detail

### getDialect

    public static Dialect getDialect()
                              throws HibernateException

  Get an instance of the dialect specified by the current `System` properties.

  Returns:
    The specified Dialect
  Throws:
    `HibernateException` - If no dialect was specified, or if it could not be instantiated.

### getDialect

    public static Dialect getDialect(Properties props)
                              throws HibernateException

  Get an instance of the dialect specified by the given properties or by the current `System` properties.

  Parameters:
    `props` - The properties to use for finding the dialect class to use.
  Returns:
    The specified Dialect
  Throws:
    `HibernateException` - If no dialect was specified, or if it could not be instantiated.

### getDefaultProperties

    public final Properties getDefaultProperties()

  Retrieve a set of default Hibernate properties for this database.

  Returns:
    a set of Hibernate properties

### toString

    public String toString()

  Overrides:
    `toString` in class `Object`

### getTypeName

    public String getTypeName(int code)
                       throws HibernateException

  Get the name of the database type associated with the given `Types` typecode.

  Parameters:
    `code` - The `Types` typecode
  Returns:
    the database type name
  Throws:
    `HibernateException` - If no mapping was specified for that type.

### getTypeName

    public String getTypeName(int code,
                              long length,
                              int precision,
                              int scale)
                       throws HibernateException

  Get the name of the database type associated with the given `Types` typecode with the given storage specification parameters.

  Parameters:
    `code` - The `Types` typecode
    `length` - The datatype length
    `precision` - The datatype precision
    `scale` - The datatype scale
  Returns:
    the database type name
  Throws:
    `HibernateException` - If no mapping was specified for that type.

### getCastTypeName

    public String getCastTypeName(int code)

  Get the name of the database type appropriate for casting operations (via the CAST() SQL function) for the given `Types` typecode.

  Parameters:
    `code` - The `Types` typecode
  Returns:
    The database type name

### registerColumnType

    protected void registerColumnType(int code,
                                      long capacity,
                                      String name)

  Subclasses register a type name for the given type code and maximum column length. `$l` in the type name with be replaced by the column length (if appropriate).

  Parameters:
    `code` - The `Types` typecode
    `capacity` - The maximum length of database type
    `name` - The database type name

### registerColumnType

    protected void registerColumnType(int code,
                                      String name)

  Subclasses register a type name for the given type code. `$l` in the type name with be replaced by the column length (if appropriate).

  Parameters:
    `code` - The `Types` typecode
    `name` - The database type name

### remapSqlTypeDescriptor

    public SqlTypeDescriptor remapSqlTypeDescriptor(SqlTypeDescriptor sqlTypeDescriptor)

  Allows the dialect to override a `SqlTypeDescriptor`.

  If the passed `sqlTypeDescriptor` allows itself to be remapped (per `SqlTypeDescriptor.canBeRemapped()`), then this method uses `getSqlTypeDescriptorOverride(int)` to get an optional override based on the SQL code returned by `SqlTypeDescriptor.getSqlType()`.

  If this dialect does not provide an override or if the `sqlTypeDescriptor` doe not allow itself to be remapped, then this method simply returns the original passed `sqlTypeDescriptor`

  Parameters:
    `sqlTypeDescriptor` - The `SqlTypeDescriptor` to override
  Returns:
    The `SqlTypeDescriptor` that should be used for this dialect; if there is no override, then original `sqlTypeDescriptor` is returned.
  Throws:
    `IllegalArgumentException` - if `sqlTypeDescriptor` is null.
  See Also:
    `getSqlTypeDescriptorOverride(int)`

### getSqlTypeDescriptorOverride

    protected SqlTypeDescriptor getSqlTypeDescriptorOverride(int sqlCode)

  Returns the `SqlTypeDescriptor` that should be used to handle the given JDBC type code. Returns `null` if there is no override.

  Parameters:
    `sqlCode` - A `Types` constant indicating the SQL column type
  Returns:
    The `SqlTypeDescriptor` to use as an override, or `null` if there is no override.

### getLobMergeStrategy

    public LobMergeStrategy getLobMergeStrategy()

### getHibernateTypeName

    public String getHibernateTypeName(int code)
                                throws HibernateException

  Get the name of the Hibernate `Type` associated with the given `Types` type code.

  Parameters:
    `code` - The `Types` type code
  Returns:
    The Hibernate `Type` name.
  Throws:
    `HibernateException` - If no mapping was specified for that type.

### getHibernateTypeName

    public String getHibernateTypeName(int code,
                                       int length,
                                       int precision,
                                       int scale)
                                throws HibernateException

  Get the name of the Hibernate `Type` associated with the given `Types` typecode with the given storage specification parameters.

  Parameters:
    `code` - The `Types` typecode
    `length` - The datatype length
    `precision` - The datatype precision
    `scale` - The datatype scale
  Returns:
    The Hibernate `Type` name.
  Throws:
    `HibernateException` - If no mapping was specified for that type.

### registerHibernateType

    protected void registerHibernateType(int code,
                                         long capacity,
                                         String name)

  Registers a Hibernate `Type` name for the given `Types` type code and maximum column length.

  Parameters:
    `code` - The `Types` typecode
    `capacity` - The maximum length of database type
    `name` - The Hibernate `Type` name

### registerHibernateType

    protected void registerHibernateType(int code,
                                         String name)

  Registers a Hibernate `Type` name for the given `Types` type code.

  Parameters:
    `code` - The `Types` typecode
    `name` - The Hibernate `Type` name

### registerFunction

    protected void registerFunction(String name,
                                    SQLFunction function)

### getFunctions

    public final Map<String,SQLFunction> getFunctions()

  Retrieves a map of the dialect's registered functions (functionName => `SQLFunction`).

  Returns:
    The map of registered functions.

### registerKeyword

    protected void registerKeyword(String word)

### getKeywords

    public Set<String> getKeywords()

### getNativeIdentifierGeneratorClass

    public Class getNativeIdentifierGeneratorClass()

  The class (which implements `IdentifierGenerator`) which acts as this dialects native generation strategy.

  Comes into play whenever the user specifies the native generator.

  Returns:
    The native generator class.

### supportsIdentityColumns

    public boolean supportsIdentityColumns()

  Does this dialect support identity column key generation?

  Returns:
    True if IDENTITY columns are supported; false otherwise.

### supportsInsertSelectIdentity

    public boolean supportsInsertSelectIdentity()

  Does the dialect support some form of inserting and selecting the generated IDENTITY value all in the same statement.

  Returns:
    True if the dialect supports selecting the just generated IDENTITY in the insert statement.

### hasDataTypeInIdentityColumn

    public boolean hasDataTypeInIdentityColumn()

  Whether this dialect have an Identity clause added to the data type or a completely separate identity data type

  Returns:
    boolean

### appendIdentitySelectToInsert

    public String appendIdentitySelectToInsert(String insertString)

  Provided we `supportsInsertSelectIdentity()`, then attach the "select identity" clause to the insert statement.

  Note, if `supportsInsertSelectIdentity()` == false then the insert-string should be returned without modification.

  Parameters:
    `insertString` - The insert command
  Returns:
    The insert command with any necessary identity select clause attached.

### getIdentitySelectString

    public String getIdentitySelectString(String table,
                                          String column,
                                          int type)
                                   throws MappingException

  Get the select command to use to retrieve the last generated IDENTITY value for a particular table

  Parameters:
    `table` - The table into which the insert was done
    `column` - The PK column.
    `type` - The `Types` type code.
  Returns:
    The appropriate select command
  Throws:
    `MappingException` - If IDENTITY generation is not supported.

### getIdentitySelectString

    protected String getIdentitySelectString()
                                      throws MappingException

  Get the select command to use to retrieve the last generated IDENTITY value.

  Returns:
    The appropriate select command
  Throws:
    `MappingException` - If IDENTITY generation is not supported.

### getIdentityColumnString

    public String getIdentityColumnString(int type)
                                   throws MappingException

  The syntax used during DDL to define a column as being an IDENTITY of a particular type.

  Parameters:
    `type` - The `Types` type code.
  Returns:
    The appropriate DDL fragment.
  Throws:
    `MappingException` - If IDENTITY generation is not supported.

### getIdentityColumnString

    protected String getIdentityColumnString()
                                      throws MappingException

  The syntax used during DDL to define a column as being an IDENTITY.

  Returns:
    The appropriate DDL fragment.
  Throws:
    `MappingException` - If IDENTITY generation is not supported.

### getIdentityInsertString

    public String getIdentityInsertString()

  The keyword used to insert a generated value into an identity column (or null). Need if the dialect does not support inserts that specify no column values.

  Returns:
    The appropriate keyword.

### supportsSequences

    public boolean supportsSequences()

  Does this dialect support sequences?

  Returns:
    True if sequences supported; false otherwise.

### supportsPooledSequences

    public boolean supportsPooledSequences()

  Does this dialect support "pooled" sequences. Not aware of a better name for this. Essentially can we specify the initial and increment values?

  Returns:
    True if such "pooled" sequences are supported; false otherwise.
  See Also:
    `getCreateSequenceStrings(String, int, int)`, `getCreateSequenceString(String, int, int)`

### getSequenceNextValString

    public String getSequenceNextValString(String sequenceName)
                                    throws MappingException

  Generate the appropriate select statement to to retrieve the next value of a sequence.

  This should be a "stand alone" select statement.

  Parameters:
    `sequenceName` - the name of the sequence
  Returns:
    String The "nextval" select string.
  Throws:
    `MappingException` - If sequences are not supported.

### getSelectSequenceNextValString

    public String getSelectSequenceNextValString(String sequenceName)
                                          throws MappingException

  Generate the select expression fragment that will retrieve the next value of a sequence as part of another (typically DML) statement.

  This differs from `getSequenceNextValString(String)` in that this should return an expression usable within another statement.

  Parameters:
    `sequenceName` - the name of the sequence
  Returns:
    The "nextval" fragment.
  Throws:
    `MappingException` - If sequences are not supported.

### getCreateSequenceStrings

    @Deprecated
    public String[] getCreateSequenceStrings(String sequenceName)
                                      throws MappingException

  Deprecated. Use `getCreateSequenceString(String, int, int)` instead

  The multiline script used to create a sequence.

  Parameters:
    `sequenceName` - The name of the sequence
  Returns:
    The sequence creation commands
  Throws:
    `MappingException` - If sequences are not supported.

### getCreateSequenceStrings

    public String[] getCreateSequenceStrings(String sequenceName,
                                             int initialValue,
                                             int incrementSize)
                                      throws MappingException

  An optional multi-line form for databases which `supportsPooledSequences()`.

  Parameters:
    `sequenceName` - The name of the sequence
    `initialValue` - The initial value to apply to 'create sequence' statement
    `incrementSize` - The increment value to apply to 'create sequence' statement
  Returns:
    The sequence creation commands
  Throws:
    `MappingException` - If sequences are not supported.

### getCreateSequenceString

    protected String getCreateSequenceString(String sequenceName)
                                      throws MappingException

  Typically dialects which support sequences can create a sequence with a single command. This is convenience form of `getCreateSequenceStrings(java.lang.String)` to help facilitate that.

  Dialects which support sequences and can create a sequence in a single command need *only* override this method. Dialects which support sequences but require multiple commands to create a sequence should instead override `getCreateSequenceStrings(java.lang.String)`.

  Parameters:
    `sequenceName` - The name of the sequence
  Returns:
    The sequence creation command
  Throws:
    `MappingException` - If sequences are not supported.

### getCreateSequenceString

    protected String getCreateSequenceString(String sequenceName,
                                             int initialValue,
                                             int incrementSize)
                                      throws MappingException

  Overloaded form of `getCreateSequenceString(String)`, additionally taking the initial value and increment size to be applied to the sequence definition. The default definition is to suffix `getCreateSequenceString(String)` with the string: " start with {initialValue} increment by {incrementSize}" where {initialValue} and {incrementSize} are replacement placeholders. Generally dialects should only need to override this method if different key phrases are used to apply the allocation information.

  Parameters:
    `sequenceName` - The name of the sequence
    `initialValue` - The initial value to apply to 'create sequence' statement
    `incrementSize` - The increment value to apply to 'create sequence' statement
  Returns:
    The sequence creation command
  Throws:
    `MappingException` - If sequences are not supported.

### getDropSequenceStrings

    public String[] getDropSequenceStrings(String sequenceName)
                                    throws MappingException

  The multiline script used to drop a sequence.

  Parameters:
    `sequenceName` - The name of the sequence
  Returns:
    The sequence drop commands
  Throws:
    `MappingException` - If sequences are not supported.

### getDropSequenceString

    protected String getDropSequenceString(String sequenceName)
                                    throws MappingException

  Typically dialects which support sequences can drop a sequence with a single command. This is convenience form of `getDropSequenceStrings(java.lang.String)` to help facilitate that.

  Dialects which support sequences and can drop a sequence in a single command need *only* override this method. Dialects which support sequences but require multiple commands to drop a sequence should instead override `getDropSequenceStrings(java.lang.String)`.

  Parameters:
    `sequenceName` - The name of the sequence
  Returns:
    The sequence drop commands
  Throws:
    `MappingException` - If sequences are not supported.

### getQuerySequencesString

    public String getQuerySequencesString()

  Get the select command used retrieve the names of all sequences.

  Returns:
    The select command; or null if sequences are not supported.
  See Also:
    `SchemaUpdate`

### getSelectGUIDString

    public String getSelectGUIDString()

  Get the command used to select a GUID from the underlying database.

  Optional operation.

  Returns:
    The appropriate command.

### supportsLimit

    public boolean supportsLimit()

  Does this dialect support some form of limiting query results via a SQL clause?

  Returns:
    True if this dialect supports some form of LIMIT.

### supportsLimitOffset

    public boolean supportsLimitOffset()

  Does this dialect's LIMIT support (if any) additionally support specifying an offset?

  Returns:
    True if the dialect supports an offset within the limit support.

### supportsVariableLimit

    public boolean supportsVariableLimit()

  Does this dialect support bind variables (i.e., prepared statement parameters) for its limit/offset?

  Returns:
    True if bind variables can be used; false otherwise.

### bindLimitParametersInReverseOrder

    public boolean bindLimitParametersInReverseOrder()

  ANSI SQL defines the LIMIT clause to be in the form LIMIT offset, limit. Does this dialect require us to bind the parameters in reverse order?

  Returns:
    true if the correct order is limit, offset

### bindLimitParametersFirst

    public boolean bindLimitParametersFirst()

  Does the `LIMIT` clause come at the start of the `SELECT` statement, rather than at the end?

  Returns:
    true if limit parameters should come before other parameters

### useMaxForLimit

    public boolean useMaxForLimit()

  Does the `LIMIT` clause take a "maximum" row number instead of a total number of returned rows?

  This is easiest understood via an example. Consider you have a table with 20 rows, but you only want to retrieve rows number 11 through 20. Generally, a limit with offset would say that the offset = 11 and the limit = 10 (we only want 10 rows at a time); this is specifying the total number of returned rows. Some dialects require that we instead specify offset = 11 and limit = 20, where 20 is the "last" row we want relative to offset (i.e. total number of rows = 20 - 11 = 9)

  So essentially, is limit relative from offset? Or is limit absolute?

  Returns:
    True if limit is relative from offset; false otherwise.

### forceLimitUsage

    public boolean forceLimitUsage()

  Generally, if there is no limit applied to a Hibernate query we do not apply any limits to the SQL query. This option forces that the limit be written to the SQL query.

  Returns:
    True to force limit into SQL query even if none specified in Hibernate query; false otherwise.

### getLimitString

    public String getLimitString(String query,
                                 int offset,
                                 int limit)

  Given a limit and an offset, apply the limit clause to the query.

  Parameters:
    `query` - The query to which to apply the limit.
    `offset` - The offset of the limit
    `limit` - The limit of the limit ;)
  Returns:
    The modified query statement with the limit applied.

### getLimitString

    protected String getLimitString(String query,
                                    boolean hasOffset)

  Apply s limit clause to the query.

  Typically dialects utilize `variable` limit clauses when they support limits. Thus, when building the select command we do not actually need to know the limit or the offest since we will just be using placeholders.

  Here we do still pass along whether or not an offset was specified so that dialects not supporting offsets can generate proper exceptions. In general, dialects will override one or the other of this method and `getLimitString(String, int, int)`.

  Parameters:
    `query` - The query to which to apply the limit.
    `hasOffset` - Is the query requesting an offset?
  Returns:
    the modified SQL

### convertToFirstRowValue

    public int convertToFirstRowValue(int zeroBasedFirstResult)

  Hibernate APIs explicitly state that setFirstResult() should be a zero-based offset. Here we allow the Dialect a chance to convert that value based on what the underlying db or driver will expect.

  NOTE: what gets passed into `getLimitString(String,int,int)` is the zero-based offset. Dialects which do not `supportsVariableLimit()` should take care to perform any needed first-row-conversion calls prior to injecting the limit values into the SQL string.

  Parameters:
    `zeroBasedFirstResult` - The user-supplied, zero-based first row offset.
  Returns:
    The corresponding db/dialect specific offset.
  See Also:
    `Query.setFirstResult(int)`, `Criteria.setFirstResult(int)`

### supportsLockTimeouts

    public boolean supportsLockTimeouts()

  Informational metadata about whether this dialect is known to support specifying timeouts for requested lock acquisitions.

  Returns:
    True is this dialect supports specifying lock timeouts.

### isLockTimeoutParameterized

    public boolean isLockTimeoutParameterized()

  If this dialect supports specifying lock timeouts, are those timeouts rendered into the `SQL` string as parameters. The implication is that Hibernate will need to bind the timeout value as a parameter in the `PreparedStatement`. If true, the param position is always handled as the last parameter; if the dialect specifies the lock timeout elsewhere in the `SQL` statement then the timeout value should be directly rendered into the statement and this method should return false.

  Returns:
    True if the lock timeout is rendered into the `SQL` string as a parameter; false otherwise.

### getLockingStrategy

    public LockingStrategy getLockingStrategy(Lockable lockable,
                                              LockMode lockMode)

  Get a strategy instance which knows how to acquire a database-level lock of the specified mode for this dialect.

  Parameters:
    `lockable` - The persister for the entity to be locked.
    `lockMode` - The type of lock to be acquired.
  Returns:
    The appropriate locking strategy.
  Since:
    3.2

### getForUpdateString

    public String getForUpdateString(LockOptions lockOptions)

  Given LockOptions (lockMode, timeout), determine the appropriate for update fragment to use.

  Parameters:
    `lockOptions` - contains the lock mode to apply.
  Returns:
    The appropriate for update fragment.

### getForUpdateString

    public String getForUpdateString(LockMode lockMode)

  Given a lock mode, determine the appropriate for update fragment to use.

  Parameters:
    `lockMode` - The lock mode to apply.
  Returns:
    The appropriate for update fragment.

### getForUpdateString

    public String getForUpdateString()

  Get the string to append to SELECT statements to acquire locks for this dialect.

  Returns:
    The appropriate `FOR UPDATE` clause string.

### getWriteLockString

    public String getWriteLockString(int timeout)

  Get the string to append to SELECT statements to acquire WRITE locks for this dialect. Location of the of the returned string is treated the same as getForUpdateString.

  Parameters:
    `timeout` - in milliseconds, -1 for indefinite wait and 0 for no wait.
  Returns:
    The appropriate `LOCK` clause string.

### getReadLockString

    public String getReadLockString(int timeout)

  Get the string to append to SELECT statements to acquire WRITE locks for this dialect. Location of the of the returned string is treated the same as getForUpdateString.

  Parameters:
    `timeout` - in milliseconds, -1 for indefinite wait and 0 for no wait.
  Returns:
    The appropriate `LOCK` clause string.

### forUpdateOfColumns

    public boolean forUpdateOfColumns()

  Is `FOR UPDATE OF` syntax supported?

  Returns:
    True if the database supports `FOR UPDATE OF` syntax; false otherwise.

### supportsOuterJoinForUpdate

    public boolean supportsOuterJoinForUpdate()

  Does this dialect support `FOR UPDATE` in conjunction with outer joined rows?

  Returns:
    True if outer joined rows can be locked via `FOR UPDATE`.

### getForUpdateString

    public String getForUpdateString(String aliases)

  Get the `FOR UPDATE OF column_list` fragment appropriate for this dialect given the aliases of the columns to be write locked.

  Parameters:
    `aliases` - The columns to be write locked.
  Returns:
    The appropriate `FOR UPDATE OF column_list` clause string.

### getForUpdateString

    public String getForUpdateString(String aliases,
                                     LockOptions lockOptions)

  Get the `FOR UPDATE OF column_list` fragment appropriate for this dialect given the aliases of the columns to be write locked.

  Parameters:
    `aliases` - The columns to be write locked.
    `lockOptions` - the lock options to apply
  Returns:
    The appropriate `FOR UPDATE OF column_list` clause string.

### getForUpdateNowaitString

    public String getForUpdateNowaitString()

  Retrieves the `FOR UPDATE NOWAIT` syntax specific to this dialect.

  Returns:
    The appropriate `FOR UPDATE NOWAIT` clause string.

### getForUpdateNowaitString

    public String getForUpdateNowaitString(String aliases)

  Get the `FOR UPDATE OF column_list NOWAIT` fragment appropriate for this dialect given the aliases of the columns to be write locked.

  Parameters:
    `aliases` - The columns to be write locked.
  Returns:
    The appropriate `FOR UPDATE OF colunm_list NOWAIT` clause string.

### appendLockHint

    public String appendLockHint(LockMode mode,
                                 String tableName)

  Some dialects support an alternative means to `SELECT FOR UPDATE`, whereby a "lock hint" is appends to the table name in the from clause.

  contributed by Helge Schulz

  Parameters:
    `mode` - The lock mode to apply
    `tableName` - The name of the table to which to apply the lock hint.
  Returns:
    The table with any required lock hints.

### applyLocksToSql

    public String applyLocksToSql(String sql,
                                  LockOptions aliasedLockOptions,
                                  Map keyColumnNames)

  Modifies the given SQL by applying the appropriate updates for the specified lock modes and key columns.

  The behavior here is that of an ANSI SQL `SELECT FOR UPDATE`. This method is really intended to allow dialects which do not support `SELECT FOR UPDATE` to achieve this in their own fashion.

  Parameters:
    `sql` - the SQL string to modify
    `aliasedLockOptions` - lock options indexed by aliased table names.
    `keyColumnNames` - a map of key columns indexed by aliased table names.
  Returns:
    the modified SQL string.

### getCreateTableString

    public String getCreateTableString()

  Command used to create a table.

  Returns:
    The command used to create a table.

### getCreateMultisetTableString

    public String getCreateMultisetTableString()

  Slight variation on `getCreateTableString()`. Here, we have the command used to create a table when there is no primary key and duplicate rows are expected.

  Most databases do not care about the distinction; originally added for Teradata support which does care.

  Returns:
    The command used to create a multiset table.

### supportsTemporaryTables

    public boolean supportsTemporaryTables()

  Does this dialect support temporary tables?

  Returns:
    True if temp tables are supported; false otherwise.

### generateTemporaryTableName

    public String generateTemporaryTableName(String baseTableName)

  Generate a temporary table name given the base table.

  Parameters:
    `baseTableName` - The table name from which to base the temp table name.
  Returns:
    The generated temp table name.

### getCreateTemporaryTableString

    public String getCreateTemporaryTableString()

  Command used to create a temporary table.

  Returns:
    The command used to create a temporary table.

### getCreateTemporaryTablePostfix

    public String getCreateTemporaryTablePostfix()

  Get any fragments needing to be postfixed to the command for temporary table creation.

  Returns:
    Any required postfix.

### getDropTemporaryTableString

    public String getDropTemporaryTableString()

  Command used to drop a temporary table.

  Returns:
    The command used to drop a temporary table.

### performTemporaryTableDDLInIsolation

    public Boolean performTemporaryTableDDLInIsolation()

  Does the dialect require that temporary table DDL statements occur in isolation from other statements? This would be the case if the creation would cause any current transaction to get committed implicitly.

  JDBC defines a standard way to query for this information via the `DatabaseMetaData.dataDefinitionCausesTransactionCommit()` method. However, that does not distinguish between temporary table DDL and other forms of DDL; MySQL, for example, reports DDL causing a transaction commit via its driver, even though that is not the case for temporary table DDL.

  Possible return values and their meanings:
  - `Boolean.TRUE` - Unequivocally, perform the temporary table DDL in isolation.
  - `Boolean.FALSE` - Unequivocally, do not perform the temporary table DDL in isolation.
  - null - defer to the JDBC driver response in regards to `DatabaseMetaData.dataDefinitionCausesTransactionCommit()`

  Returns:
    see the result matrix above.

### dropTemporaryTableAfterUse

    public boolean dropTemporaryTableAfterUse()

  Do we need to drop the temporary table after use?

  Returns:
    True if the table should be dropped.

### registerResultSetOutParameter

    public int registerResultSetOutParameter(CallableStatement statement,
                                             int position)
                                      throws SQLException

  Registers an OUT parameter which will be returning a `ResultSet`. How this is accomplished varies greatly from DB to DB, hence its inclusion (along with `getResultSet(java.sql.CallableStatement)`) here.

  Parameters:
    `statement` - The callable statement.
    `position` - The bind position at which to register the OUT param.
  Returns:
    The number of (contiguous) bind positions used.
  Throws:
    `SQLException` - Indicates problems registering the OUT param.

### getResultSet

    public ResultSet getResultSet(CallableStatement statement)
                           throws SQLException

  Given a callable statement previously processed by `registerResultSetOutParameter(java.sql.CallableStatement, int)`, extract the `ResultSet` from the OUT parameter.

  Parameters:
    `statement` - The callable statement.
  Returns:
    The extracted result set.
  Throws:
    `SQLException` - Indicates problems extracting the result set.

### supportsCurrentTimestampSelection

    public boolean supportsCurrentTimestampSelection()

  Does this dialect support a way to retrieve the database's current timestamp value?

  Returns:
    True if the current timestamp can be retrieved; false otherwise.

### isCurrentTimestampSelectStringCallable

    public boolean isCurrentTimestampSelectStringCallable()

  Should the value returned by `getCurrentTimestampSelectString()` be treated as callable. Typically this indicates that JDBC escape syntax is being used...

  Returns:
    True if the `getCurrentTimestampSelectString()` return is callable; false otherwise.

### getCurrentTimestampSelectString

    public String getCurrentTimestampSelectString()

  Retrieve the command used to retrieve the current timestamp from the database.

  Returns:
    The command.

### getCurrentTimestampSQLFunctionName

    public String getCurrentTimestampSQLFunctionName()

  The name of the database-specific SQL function for retrieving the current timestamp.

  Returns:
    The function name.

### buildSQLExceptionConverter

    @Deprecated
    public SQLExceptionConverter buildSQLExceptionConverter()

  Deprecated. `buildSQLExceptionConversionDelegate()` should be overridden instead.

  Build an instance of the SQLExceptionConverter preferred by this dialect for converting SQLExceptions into Hibernate's JDBCException hierarchy.

  The preferred method is to not override this method; if possible, `buildSQLExceptionConversionDelegate()` should be overridden instead. If this method is not overridden, the default SQLExceptionConverter implementation executes 3 SQLException converter delegates:
  1. a "static" delegate based on the JDBC 4 defined SQLException hierarchy;
  2. the vendor-specific delegate returned by `buildSQLExceptionConversionDelegate()`; (it is strongly recommended that specific Dialect implementations override `buildSQLExceptionConversionDelegate()`)
  3. a delegate that interprets SQLState codes for either X/Open or SQL-2003 codes, depending on java.sql.DatabaseMetaData#getSQLStateType

  If this method is overridden, it is strongly recommended that the returned `SQLExceptionConverter` interpret SQL errors based on vendor-specific error codes rather than the SQLState since the interpretation is more accurate when using vendor-specific ErrorCodes.

  Returns:
    The Dialect's preferred SQLExceptionConverter, or null to indicate that the default `SQLExceptionConverter` should be used.
  See Also:
    `#buildSQLExceptionConversionDelegate()}`

### buildSQLExceptionConversionDelegate

    public SQLExceptionConversionDelegate buildSQLExceptionConversionDelegate()

  Build an instance of a `SQLExceptionConversionDelegate` for interpreting dialect-specific error or SQLState codes.

  When `buildSQLExceptionConverter()` returns null, the default `SQLExceptionConverter` is used to interpret SQLState and error codes. If this method is overridden to return a non-null value, the default `SQLExceptionConverter` will use the returned `SQLExceptionConversionDelegate` in addition to the following standard delegates:
  1. a "static" delegate based on the JDBC 4 defined SQLException hierarchy;
  2. a delegate that interprets SQLState codes for either X/Open or SQL-2003 codes, depending on java.sql.DatabaseMetaData#getSQLStateType

  It is strongly recommended that specific Dialect implementations override this method, since interpretation of a SQL error is much more accurate when based on the a vendor-specific ErrorCode rather than the SQLState.

  Specific Dialects may override to return whatever is most appropriate for that vendor.

### getViolatedConstraintNameExtracter

    public ViolatedConstraintNameExtracter getViolatedConstraintNameExtracter()

  Specified by:
    `getViolatedConstraintNameExtracter` in interface `ConversionContext`

### getSelectClauseNullString

    public String getSelectClauseNullString(int sqlType)

  Given a `Types` type code, determine an appropriate null value to use in a select clause.

  One thing to consider here is that certain databases might require proper casting for the nulls here since the select here will be part of a UNION/UNION ALL.

  Parameters:
    `sqlType` - The `Types` type code.
  Returns:
    The appropriate select clause value fragment.

### supportsUnionAll

    public boolean supportsUnionAll()

  Does this dialect support UNION ALL, which is generally a faster variant of UNION?

  Returns:
    True if UNION ALL is supported; false otherwise.

### createOuterJoinFragment

    public JoinFragment createOuterJoinFragment()

  Create a `JoinFragment` strategy responsible for handling this dialect's variations in how joins are handled.

  Returns:
    This dialect's `JoinFragment` strategy.

### createCaseFragment

    public CaseFragment createCaseFragment()

  Create a `CaseFragment` strategy responsible for handling this dialect's variations in how CASE statements are handled.

  Returns:
    This dialect's `CaseFragment` strategy.

### getNoColumnsInsertString

    public String getNoColumnsInsertString()

  The fragment used to insert a row without specifying any column values. This is not possible on some databases.

  Returns:
    The appropriate empty values clause.

### getLowercaseFunction

    public String getLowercaseFunction()

  The name of the SQL function that transforms a string to lowercase

  Returns:
    The dialect-specific lowercase function.

### getCaseInsensitiveLike

    public String getCaseInsensitiveLike()

  The name of the SQL function that can do case insensitive like comparison.

  Returns:
    The dialect-specific "case insensitive" like function.

### supportsCaseInsensitiveLike

    public boolean supportsCaseInsensitiveLike()

  Returns:
    `true` if the underlying Database supports case insensitive like comparison, `false` otherwise. The default is `false`.

### transformSelectString

    public String transformSelectString(String select)

  Meant as a means for end users to affect the select strings being sent to the database and perhaps manipulate them in some fashion.

  The recommend approach is to instead use `Interceptor.onPrepareStatement(String)`.

  Parameters:
    `select` - The select command
  Returns:
    The mutated select command, or the same as was passed in.

### getMaxAliasLength

    public int getMaxAliasLength()

  What is the maximum length Hibernate can use for generated aliases?

  Returns:
    The maximum length.

### toBooleanValueString

    public String toBooleanValueString(boolean bool)

  The SQL literal value to which this database maps boolean values.

  Parameters:
    `bool` - The boolean value
  Returns:
    The appropriate SQL literal.

### openQuote

    public char openQuote()

  The character specific to this dialect used to begin a quoted identifier.

  Returns:
    The dialect's specific open quote character.

### closeQuote

    public char closeQuote()

  The character specific to this dialect used to close a quoted identifier.

  Returns:
    The dialect's specific close quote character.

### quote

    public final String quote(String name)

  Apply dialect-specific quoting.

  By default, the incoming value is checked to see if its first character is the back-tick (`). If so, the dialect specific quoting is applied.

  Parameters:
    `name` - The value to be quoted.
  Returns:
    The quoted (or unmodified, if not starting with back-tick) value.
  See Also:
    `openQuote()`, `closeQuote()`

### hasAlterTable

    public boolean hasAlterTable()

  Does this dialect support the `ALTER TABLE` syntax?

  Returns:
    True if we support altering of tables; false otherwise.

### dropConstraints

    public boolean dropConstraints()

  Do we need to drop constraints before dropping tables in this dialect?

  Returns:
    True if constraints must be dropped prior to dropping the table; false otherwise.

### qualifyIndexName

    public boolean qualifyIndexName()

  Do we need to qualify index names with the schema name?

  Returns:
    boolean

### supportsUnique

    public boolean supportsUnique()

  Does this dialect support the `UNIQUE` column syntax?

  Returns:
    boolean

### supportsUniqueConstraintInCreateAlterTable

    public boolean supportsUniqueConstraintInCreateAlterTable()

  Does this dialect support adding Unique constraints via create and alter table ?

  Returns:
    boolean

### getAddColumnString

    public String getAddColumnString()

  The syntax used to add a column to a table (optional).

  Returns:
    The "add column" fragment.

### getDropForeignKeyString

    public String getDropForeignKeyString()

### getTableTypeString

    public String getTableTypeString()

### getAddForeignKeyConstraintString

    public String getAddForeignKeyConstraintString(String constraintName,
                                                   String[] foreignKey,
                                                   String referencedTable,
                                                   String[] primaryKey,
                                                   boolean referencesPrimaryKey)

  The syntax used to add a foreign key constraint to a table.

  Parameters:
    `constraintName` - The FK constraint name.
    `foreignKey` - The names of the columns comprising the FK
    `referencedTable` - The table referenced by the FK
    `primaryKey` - The explicit columns in the referencedTable referenced by this FK.
    `referencesPrimaryKey` - if false, constraint should be explicit about which column names the constraint refers to
  Returns:
    the "add FK" fragment

### getAddPrimaryKeyConstraintString

    public String getAddPrimaryKeyConstraintString(String constraintName)

  The syntax used to add a primary key constraint to a table.

  Parameters:
    `constraintName` - The name of the PK constraint.
  Returns:
    The "add PK" fragment

### getAddUniqueConstraintString

    public String getAddUniqueConstraintString(String constraintName)

  The syntax used to add a unique constraint to a table.

  Parameters:
    `constraintName` - The name of the unique constraint.
  Returns:
    The "add unique" fragment

### hasSelfReferentialForeignKeyBug

    public boolean hasSelfReferentialForeignKeyBug()

### getNullColumnString

    public String getNullColumnString()

  The keyword used to specify a nullable column.

  Returns:
    String

### supportsCommentOn

    public boolean supportsCommentOn()

### getTableComment

    public String getTableComment(String comment)

### getColumnComment

    public String getColumnComment(String comment)

### supportsIfExistsBeforeTableName

    public boolean supportsIfExistsBeforeTableName()

### supportsIfExistsAfterTableName

    public boolean supportsIfExistsAfterTableName()

### supportsColumnCheck

    public boolean supportsColumnCheck()

  Does this dialect support column-level check constraints?

  Returns:
    True if column-level CHECK constraints are supported; false otherwise.

### supportsTableCheck

    public boolean supportsTableCheck()

  Does this dialect support table-level check constraints?

  Returns:
    True if table-level CHECK constraints are supported; false otherwise.

### supportsCascadeDelete

    public boolean supportsCascadeDelete()

### supportsNotNullUnique

    public boolean supportsNotNullUnique()

### getCascadeConstraintsString

    public String getCascadeConstraintsString()

  Completely optional cascading drop clause

  Returns:
    String

### getCrossJoinSeparator

    public String getCrossJoinSeparator()

  Returns:
    Returns the separator to use for defining cross joins when translating HQL queries.

    Typically this will be either [`cross join` ] or [`,` ]

    Note that the spaces are important!

### getColumnAliasExtractor

    public ColumnAliasExtractor getColumnAliasExtractor()

### supportsEmptyInList

    public boolean supportsEmptyInList()

  Does this dialect support empty IN lists?

  For example, is [where XYZ in ()] a supported construct?

  Returns:
    True if empty in lists are supported; false otherwise.
  Since:
    3.2

### areStringComparisonsCaseInsensitive

    public boolean areStringComparisonsCaseInsensitive()

  Are string comparisons implicitly case insensitive.

  In other words, does [where 'XYZ' = 'xyz'] resolve to true?

  Returns:
    True if comparisons are case insensitive.
  Since:
    3.2

### supportsRowValueConstructorSyntax

    public boolean supportsRowValueConstructorSyntax()

  Is this dialect known to support what ANSI-SQL terms "row value constructor" syntax; sometimes called tuple syntax.

  Basically, does it support syntax like "... where (FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME) = ('Steve', 'Ebersole') ...".

  Returns:
    True if this SQL dialect is known to support "row value constructor" syntax; false otherwise.
  Since:
    3.2

### supportsRowValueConstructorSyntaxInInList

    public boolean supportsRowValueConstructorSyntaxInInList()

  If the dialect supports `row values`, does it offer such support in IN lists as well?

  For example, "... where (FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME) IN ( (?, ?), (?, ?) ) ..."

  Returns:
    True if this SQL dialect is known to support "row value constructor" syntax in the IN list; false otherwise.
  Since:
    3.2

### useInputStreamToInsertBlob

    public boolean useInputStreamToInsertBlob()

  Should LOBs (both BLOB and CLOB) be bound using stream operations (i.e. `PreparedStatement.setBinaryStream(int, java.io.InputStream, int)`).

  Returns:
    True if BLOBs and CLOBs should be bound using stream operations.
  Since:
    3.2

### supportsParametersInInsertSelect

    public boolean supportsParametersInInsertSelect()

  Does this dialect support parameters within the `SELECT` clause of `INSERT ... SELECT ...` statements?

  Returns:
    True if this is supported; false otherwise.
  Since:
    3.2

### replaceResultVariableInOrderByClauseWithPosition

    public boolean replaceResultVariableInOrderByClauseWithPosition()

  Does this dialect require that references to result variables (i.e, select expresssion aliases) in an ORDER BY clause be replaced by column positions (1-origin) as defined by the select clause?

  Returns:
    true if result variable references in the ORDER BY clause should be replaced by column positions; false otherwise.

### requiresCastingOfParametersInSelectClause

    public boolean requiresCastingOfParametersInSelectClause()

  Does this dialect require that parameters appearing in the `SELECT` clause be wrapped in `cast()` calls to tell the db parser the expected type.

  Returns:
    True if select clause parameter must be cast()ed
  Since:
    3.2

### supportsResultSetPositionQueryMethodsOnForwardOnlyCursor

    public boolean supportsResultSetPositionQueryMethodsOnForwardOnlyCursor()

  Does this dialect support asking the result set its positioning information on forward only cursors. Specifically, in the case of scrolling fetches, Hibernate needs to use `ResultSet.isAfterLast()` and `ResultSet.isBeforeFirst()`. Certain drivers do not allow access to these methods for forward only cursors.

  NOTE : this is highly driver dependent!

  Returns:
    True if methods like `ResultSet.isAfterLast()` and `ResultSet.isBeforeFirst()` are supported for forward only cursors; false otherwise.
  Since:
    3.2

### supportsCircularCascadeDeleteConstraints

    public boolean supportsCircularCascadeDeleteConstraints()

  Does this dialect support definition of cascade delete constraints which can cause circular chains?

  Returns:
    True if circular cascade delete constraints are supported; false otherwise.
  Since:
    3.2

### supportsSubselectAsInPredicateLHS

    public boolean supportsSubselectAsInPredicateLHS()

  Are subselects supported as the left-hand-side (LHS) of IN-predicates.

  In other words, is syntax like "... IN (1, 2, 3) ..." supported?

  Returns:
    True if subselects can appear as the LHS of an in-predicate; false otherwise.
  Since:
    3.2

### supportsExpectedLobUsagePattern

    public boolean supportsExpectedLobUsagePattern()

  Expected LOB usage pattern is such that I can perform an insert via prepared statement with a parameter binding for a LOB value without crazy casting to JDBC driver implementation-specific classes...

  Part of the trickiness here is the fact that this is largely driver dependent. For example, Oracle (which is notoriously bad with LOB support in their drivers historically) actually does a pretty good job with LOB support as of the 10.2.x versions of their drivers...

  Returns:
    True if normal LOB usage patterns can be used with this driver; false if driver-specific hookiness needs to be applied.
  Since:
    3.2

### supportsLobValueChangePropogation

    public boolean supportsLobValueChangePropogation()

  Does the dialect support propagating changes to LOB values back to the database? Talking about mutating the internal value of the locator as opposed to supplying a new locator instance...

  For BLOBs, the internal value might be changed by: `Blob.setBinaryStream(long)`, `Blob.setBytes(long, byte[])`, `Blob.setBytes(long, byte[], int, int)`, or `Blob.truncate(long)`.

  For CLOBs, the internal value might be changed by: `Clob.setAsciiStream(long)`, `Clob.setCharacterStream(long)`, `Clob.setString(long, String)`, `Clob.setString(long, String, int, int)`, or `Clob.truncate(long)`.

  NOTE : I do not know the correct answer currently for databases which (1) are not part of the cruise control process or (2) do not `supportsExpectedLobUsagePattern()`.

  Returns:
    True if the changes are propagated back to the database; false otherwise.
  Since:
    3.2

### supportsUnboundedLobLocatorMaterialization

    public boolean supportsUnboundedLobLocatorMaterialization()

  Is it supported to materialize a LOB locator outside the transaction in which it was created?

  Again, part of the trickiness here is the fact that this is largely driver dependent.

  NOTE: all database I have tested which `supportsExpectedLobUsagePattern()` also support the ability to materialize a LOB outside the owning transaction...

  Returns:
    True if unbounded materialization is supported; false otherwise.
  Since:
    3.2

### supportsSubqueryOnMutatingTable

    public boolean supportsSubqueryOnMutatingTable()

  Does this dialect support referencing the table being mutated in a subquery. The "table being mutated" is the table referenced in an UPDATE or a DELETE query. And so can that table then be referenced in a subquery of said UPDATE/DELETE query.

  For example, would the following two syntaxes be supported:
  - delete from TABLE_A where ID not in ( select ID from TABLE_A )
  - update TABLE_A set NON_ID = 'something' where ID in ( select ID from TABLE_A)

  Returns:
    True if this dialect allows references the mutating table from a subquery.

### supportsExistsInSelect

    public boolean supportsExistsInSelect()

  Does the dialect support an exists statement in the select clause?

  Returns:
    True if exists checks are allowed in the select clause; false otherwise.

### doesReadCommittedCauseWritersToBlockReaders

    public boolean doesReadCommittedCauseWritersToBlockReaders()

  For the underlying database, is READ_COMMITTED isolation implemented by forcing readers to wait for write locks to be released?

  Returns:
    True if writers block readers to achieve READ_COMMITTED; false otherwise.

### doesRepeatableReadCauseReadersToBlockWriters

    public boolean doesRepeatableReadCauseReadersToBlockWriters()

  For the underlying database, is REPEATABLE_READ isolation implemented by forcing writers to wait for read locks to be released?

  Returns:
    True if readers block writers to achieve REPEATABLE_READ; false otherwise.

### supportsBindAsCallableArgument

    public boolean supportsBindAsCallableArgument()

  Does this dialect support using a JDBC bind parameter as an argument to a function or procedure call?

  Returns:
    Returns `true` if the database supports accepting bind params as args, `false` otherwise. The default is `true`.

### supportsTupleCounts

    public boolean supportsTupleCounts()

  Does this dialect support `count(a,b)`?

  Returns:
    True if the database supports counting tuples; false otherwise.

### supportsTupleDistinctCounts

    public boolean supportsTupleDistinctCounts()

  Does this dialect support `count(distinct a,b)`?

  Returns:
    True if the database supports counting distinct tuples; false otherwise.

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