# dcop Class Index |
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### Model:

The model is simple. Each application using DCOP is a client. They communicate to each other through a DCOP server, which functions like a traffic director, dispatching messages/calls to the proper destinations. All clients are peers of each other.

Two types of actions are possible with DCOP: "send and forget" messages, which do not block, and "calls," which block waiting for some data to be returned.

Any data that will be sent is serialized (marshalled, for you CORBA types) using the built-in QDataStream operators available in all of the Qt classes. This is fast and easy. In fact it's so little work that you can easily write the marshalling code by hand. In addition, there's a simple IDL-like compiler available (dcopidl and dcopidl2cpp) that generates stubs and skeletons for you. Using the dcopidl compiler has the additional benefit of type safety.

The manual method is covered first, followed by the automatic IDL method.

### Establishing the Connection:

KApplication has gained a method called "KApplication::dcopClient()" which returns a pointer to a DCOPClient instance. The first time this method is called, the client class will be created. DCOPClients have unique identifiers attached to them which are based on what KApplication::name() returns. In fact, if there is only a single instance of the program running, the appId will be equal to KApplication::name().

To actually enable DCOP communication to begin, you must use DCOPClient::attach(). This will attempt to attach to the DCOP server. If no server is found or there is any other type of error, attach() will return false. KApplication will catch a dcop signal and display an appropriate error message box in that case.

After connecting with the server via DCOPClient::attach(), you need to register this appId with the server so it knows about you. Otherwise, you are communicating anonymously. Use the DCOPClient::registerAs(const QCString &name) to do so. In the simple case:

    appId = client->registerAs(kApp->name());

If you never retrieve the DCOPClient pointer from KApplication, the object will not be created and thus there will be no memory overhead.

You may also detach from the server by calling DCOPClient::detach(). If you wish to attach again you will need to re-register as well. If you only wish to change the ID under which you are registered, simply call DCOPClient::registerAs() with the new name.

KUniqueApplication automatically registers itself to DCOP. If you are using KUniqueApplication you should not attach or register yourself, this is already done. The appId is by definition equal to kapp->name(). You can retrieve the registered DCOP client by calling kapp->dcopClient().

### Sending Data to a Remote Application:

To actually communicate, you have one of two choices. You may either call the "send" or the "call" method. Both methods require three identification parameters: an application identifier, a remote object, a remote function. Sending is asynchronous (i.e. it returns immediately) and may or may not result in your own application being sent a message at some point in the future. Then "send" requires one and "call" requires two data parameters.

The remote object must be specified as an object hierarchy. That is, if the toplevel object is called "fooObject" and has the child "barObject", you would reference this object as "fooObject/barObject". Functions must be described by a full function signature. If the remote function is called "doIt", and it takes an int, it would be described as "doIt(int)". Please note that the return type is not specified here, as it is not part of the function signature (or at least the C++ understanding of a function signature). You will get the return type of a function back as an extra parameter to DCOPClient::call(). See the section on call() for more details.

In order to actually get the data to the remote client, it must be "serialized" via a QDataStream operating on a QByteArray. This is how the data parameter is "built". A few examples will make clear how this works.

Say you want to call "doIt" as described above, and not block (or wait for a response). You will not receive the return value of the remotely called function, but you will not hang while the RPC is processed either. The return value of send() indicates whether DCOP communication succeeded or not.

    QByteArray data;
    QDataStream arg(data, IO_WriteOnly);
    arg << 5;
    if (!client->send("someAppId", "fooObject/barObject", "doIt(int)",
    	          data))
      qDebug("there was some error using DCOP.");

OK, now let's say we wanted to get the data back from the remotely called function. You have to execute a call() instead of a send(). The returned value will then be available in the data parameter "reply". The actual return value of call() is still whether or not DCOP communication was successful.

    QByteArray data, replyData;
    QCString replyType;
    QDataStream arg(data, IO_WriteOnly);
    arg << 5;
    if (!client->call("someAppId", "fooObject/barObject", "doIt(int)",
                      data, replyType, replyData))
      qDebug("there was some error using DCOP.");
    else {
      QDataStream reply(replyData, IO_ReadOnly);
      if (replyType == "QString") {
        QString result;
        reply >> result;
        print("the result is: %s",result.latin1());
      } else
        qDebug("doIt returned an unexpected type of reply!");
    }

### Receiving Data via DCOP:

Currently the only real way to receive data from DCOP is to multiply inherit from the normal class that you are inheriting (usually some sort of QWidget subclass or QObject) as well as the DCOPObject class. DCOPObject provides one very important method: DCOPObject::process(). This is a pure virtual method that you must implement in order to process DCOP messages that you receive. It takes a function signature, QByteArray of parameters, and a reference to a QByteArray for the reply data that you must fill in.

Think of DCOPObject::process() as a sort of dispatch agent. In the future, there will probably be a precompiler for your sources to write this method for you. However, until that point you need to examine the incoming function signature and take action accordingly. Here is an example implementation.

    bool BarObject::process(const QCString &fun, const QByteArray &data,
    		        QCString &replyType, QByteArray &replyData)
    {
      if (fun == "doIt(int)") {
        QDataStream arg(data, IO_ReadOnly);
        int i; // parameter
        arg >> i;
        QString result = self->doIt (i);
        QDataStream reply(replyData, IO_WriteOnly);
        reply << result;
        replyType = "QString";
        return true;
      } else {
        qDebug("unknown function call to BarObject::process()");
        return false;
      }
    }

### Receiving Calls and processing them:

If your applications is able to process incoming function calls right away the above code is all you need. When your application needs to do more complex tasks you might want to do the processing out of 'process' function call and send the result back later when it becomes available.

For this you can ask your DCOPClient for a transactionId. You can then return from the 'process' function and when the result is available finish the transaction. In the mean time your application can receive incoming DCOP function calls from other clients.

Such code could like this:

    bool BarObject::process(const QCString &fun, const QByteArray &data,
    		        QCString &, QByteArray &)
    {
      if (fun == "doIt(int)") {
        QDataStream arg(data, IO_ReadOnly);
        int i; // parameter
        arg >> i;
        QString result = self->doIt(i);

        DCOPClientTransaction *myTransaction;
        myTransaction = kapp->dcopClient()->beginTransaction();

        // start processing...
        // Calls slotProcessingDone when finished.
        startProcessing( myTransaction, i);

        return true;
      } else {
        qDebug("unknown function call to BarObject::process()");
        return false;
      }
    }

    slotProcessingDone(DCOPClientTransaction *myTransaction, const QString &result)
    {
        QCString replyType = "QString";
        QByteArray replyData;
        QDataStream reply(replyData, IO_WriteOnly);
        reply << result;
        kapp->dcopClient()->endTransaction( myTransaction, replyType, replyData );
    }

### Using the dcopidl compiler:

dcopidl makes setting up a DCOP server easy. Instead of having to implement the process() method and unmarshalling (retrieving from QByteArray) parameters manually, you can let dcopidl create the necessary code on your behalf.

This also allows you to describe the interface for your class in a single, separate header file.

Writing an IDL file is very similar to writing a normal C++ header. An exception is the keyword 'ASYNC'. It indicates that a call to this function shall be processed asynchronously. For the C++ compiler, it expands to 'void'.

Example:

    #ifndef MY_INTERFACE_H
    #define MY_INTERFACE_H

    #include <dcopobject.h>

    class MyInterface : virtual public DCOPObject
    {
      K_DCOP

      k_dcop:

        virtual ASYNC myAsynchronousMethod(QString someParameter) = 0;
        virtual QRect mySynchronousMethod() = 0;
    };

    #endif

As you can see, you're essentially declaring an abstract base class, which virtually inherits from DCOPObject.

If you're using the standard KDE build scripts, then you can simply add this file (which you would call MyInterface.h) to your sources directory. Then you edit your Makefile.am, adding 'MyInterface.skel' to your SOURCES list and MyInterface.h to include_HEADERS.

The build scripts will use dcopidl to parse MyInterface.h, converting it to an XML description in MyInterface.kidl. Next, a file called MyInterface_skel.cpp will automatically be created, compiled and linked with your binary.

The next thing you have to do is to choose which of your classes will implement the interface described in MyInterface.h. Alter the inheritance of this class such that it virtually inherits from MyInterface. Then add declarations to your class interface similar to those on MyInterface.h, but virtual, not pure virtual.

Example:

    class MyClass: public QObject, virtual public MyInterface
    {
      Q_OBJECT

      public:
        MyClass();
        ~MyClass();

        ASYNC myAsynchronousMethod(QString someParameter);
        QRect mySynchronousMethod();
    };

Note: (Qt issue) Remember that if you are inheriting from QObject, you must place it first in the list of inherited classes.

In the implementation of your class' ctor, you must explicitly initialize those classes from which you are inheriting from. This is, of course, good practise, but it is essential here as you need to tell DCOPObject the name of the interface which your are implementing.

Example:

    MyClass::MyClass()
      : QObject(),
        DCOPObject("MyInterface")
    {
      // whatever...
    }

Now you can simply implement the methods you have declared in your interface, exactly the same as you would normally.

Example:

    void MyClass::myAsynchronousMethod(QString someParameter)
    {
      qDebug("myAsyncMethod called with param `" + someParameter + "'");
    }

It is not necessary (though very clean) to define an interface as an abstract class of its own, like we did in the example above. We could just as well have defined a k_dcop section directly within MyClass:

    class MyClass: public QObject, virtual public DCOPObject
    {
      Q_OBJECT
      K_DCOP

      public:
        MyClass();
        ~MyClass();

      k_dcop:
        ASYNC myAsynchronousMethod(QString someParameter);
        QRect mySynchronousMethod();
    };

In addition to skeletons, dcopidl2cpp also generate stubs. Those make it easy to call a DCOP interface without doing the marshalling manually. To use a stub, add MyInterface.stub to the SOURCES list of your Makefile.am. The stub class will then be called MyInterface_stub.

### Inter-user communication:

Sometimes it might be interesting to use DCOP between processes belonging to different users, e.g. a frontend process running with the user's id, and a backend process running as root.

To do this, two steps have to be taken:

a) both processes need to talk to the same DCOP server b) the authentication must be ensured

For the first step, you simply pass the server address (as found in .DCOPserver) to the second process. For the authentication, you can use the ICEAUTHORITY environment variable to tell the second process where to find the authentication information. (Note that this implies that the second process is able to read the authentication file, so it will probably only work if the second process runs as root. If it should run as another user, a similar approach to what kdesu does with xauth must be taken. In fact, it would be a very good idea to add DCOP support to kdesu!)

For example

ICEAUTHORITY=~user/.ICEauthority kdesu root -c kcmroot -dcopserver `cat ~user/.DCOPserver`

will, after kdesu got the root password, execute kcmroot as root, talking to the user's dcop server.

NOTE: DCOP communication is not encrypted, so please do not pass important information around this way.

### Conclusion:

Hopefully this document will get you well on your way into the world of inter-process communication with KDE! Please direct all comments and/or suggestions to <a href="mailto:pbrown@kde.org>Preston Brown <pbrown@kde.org></a> and <a href="mailto:ettrich@kde.org>Matthias Ettrich <ettrich@kde.org></a>.

DCOPClient - DCOPObject
DCOPClient
DCOPConnection
DCOPMsg
DCOPObject
DCOPObjectProxy - DCOPSignalConnection
DCOPObjectProxy
DCOPRef
DCOPServer
DCOPSignalConnection
DCOPSignalConnectionList - MyDCOPObject
DCOPSignalConnectionList
DCOPSignals
DCOPStub
MyDCOPObject

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