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* Glossary: (lilypond/music-glossary).  Glossary of music terms.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: Top,  Next: Musical terms A-Z,  Up: (dir)

Music glossary
**************

   This glossary was brought you by:

   * Christian Mondrup: Original author of LilyPond glossary, Danish,

   * François Pinard: Original glossary of GNU music project, French,

   * Han-Wen Nienhuys: Dutch,

   * Jan Nieuwenhuizen: Dutch,

   * Neil Jerram: English,

   * Kurtis Kroon: English,

   * Heikki Junes: Finnish,

   * Bjoern Jacke: German,

   * Adrian Mariano: Italian,

   * David González: Spanish,

   * Mats Bengtsson: Swedish,


   with additional contributions: thanks to all who have contributed.

Copyright 1999-2009 by the authors

   Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation,
without Invariant Sections.

   This is the Music Glossary (MG) for GNU LilyPond version 2.12.3.
For more information about how this fits with the other documentation,
see *Note About the documentation: (lilypond-learning)About the
documentation.

* Menu:

* Musical terms A-Z::
* Duration names notes and rests::
* Pitch names::


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: Musical terms A-Z,  Next: Duration names notes and rests,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top

1 Musical terms A-Z
*******************

Languages in this order.
   * UK - British English (where it differs from American English)

   * ES - Spanish

   * I - Italian

   * F - French

   * D - German

   * NL - Dutch

   * DK - Danish

   * S - Swedish

   * FI - Finnish

* Menu:

* A::
* a due::
* accelerando::
* accent::
* accessory::
* acciaccatura::
* accidental::
* adagio::
* al niente::
* alla breve::
* allegro::
* alteration::
* alto::
* alto clef::
* ambitus::
* anacrusis::
* ancient minor scale::
* andante::
* appoggiatura::
* arpeggio::
* articulation::
* ascending interval::
* augmentation::
* augmented interval::
* autograph::
* B::
* backfall::
* bar::
* bar line::
* baritone::
* baritone clef::
* bass::
* bass clef::
* beam::
* beat::
* beat repeat::
* bind::
* brace::
* bracket::
* brass::
* breath mark::
* breve::
* C::
* C clef::
* cadence::
* cadenza::
* caesura::
* canon::
* cent::
* central C::
* chord::
* chromatic scale::
* chromaticism::
* church mode::
* clef::
* cluster::
* comma::
* common meter::
* common time::
* complement::
* compound interval::
* compound meter::
* compound time::
* concert pitch::
* conjunct movement::
* consonance::
* contralto::
* copying music::
* counterpoint::
* countertenor::
* crescendo::
* cue-notes::
* custos::
* cut time::
* D::
* da capo::
* dal niente::
* dal segno::
* decrescendo::
* descending interval::
* diatonic scale::
* didymic comma::
* diminished interval::
* diminuendo::
* diminution::
* direct::
* disjunct movement::
* dissonance::
* dissonant interval::
* divisio::
* doit::
* dominant::
* dominant ninth chord::
* dominant seventh chord::
* dorian mode::
* dot (augmentation dot)::
* dotted note::
* double appoggiatura::
* double bar line::
* double dotted note::
* double flat::
* double sharp::
* double time signature::
* double trill::
* duple meter::
* duplet::
* duration::
* dynamics::
* E::
* ecclesiastical mode::
* eighth note::
* eighth rest::
* elision::
* embellishment::
* engraving::
* enharmonic::
* equal temperament::
* expression mark::
* extender line::
* F::
* F clef::
* fall::
* feathered beam::
* fermata::
* fifth::
* figured bass::
* fingering::
* flag::
* flageolet::
* flat::
* forefall::
* forte::
* fourth::
* Frenched score::
* Frenched staff::
* Frenched staves::
* fugue::
* functional harmony::
* G::
* G clef::
* glissando::
* grace notes::
* grand staff::
* grave::
* gruppetto::
* H::
* hairpin::
* half note::
* half rest::
* harmonic cadence::
* harmonics::
* harmony::
* hemiola::
* homophony::
* hymn meter::
* interval::
* inversion::
* inverted interval::
* just intonation::
* key::
* key signature::
* laissez vibrer::
* largo::
* leading note::
* ledger line::
* legato::
* legato curve::
* leger line::
* ligature::
* lilypond::
* line::
* loco::
* long appoggiatura::
* longa::
* lyric tie::
* lyrics::
* major::
* major interval::
* maxima::
* meantone temperament::
* measure::
* measure repeat::
* mediant::
* melisma::
* melisma line::
* melodic cadence::
* mensural notation::
* mensuration sign::
* meter::
* metronome::
* metronome mark::
* metronomic indication::
* mezzo::
* mezzo-soprano::
* middle C::
* minor::
* minor interval::
* mixolydian mode::
* mode::
* modulation::
* mordent::
* motif::
* motive::
* movement::
* multi-measure rest::
* natural::
* neighbor tones::
* ninth::
* non-legato::
* note::
* note head::
* note names::
* note value::
* octavation::
* octave::
* octave mark::
* octave marking::
* octave sign::
* ornament::
* ossia::
* part::
* pause::
* pennant::
* percent repeat::
* percussion::
* perfect interval::
* phrase::
* phrasing::
* piano::
* pickup::
* pitch::
* pizzicato::
* polymeter::
* polymetric::
* polymetric time signature::
* polyphony::
* portato::
* presto::
* proportion::
* Pythagorean comma::
* quadruplet::
* quality::
* quarter note::
* quarter rest::
* quarter tone::
* quintuplet::
* rallentando::
* relative key::
* repeat::
* rest::
* rhythm::
* ritardando::
* ritenuto::
* scale::
* scale degree::
* scordatura::
* score::
* second::
* semibreve::
* semitone::
* seventh::
* sextolet::
* sextuplet::
* shake::
* sharp::
* simile::
* simple meter::
* sixteenth note::
* sixteenth rest::
* sixth::
* sixty-fourth note::
* sixty-fourth rest::
* slash repeat::
* slur::
* solmization::
* sonata::
* sonata form::
* song texts::
* soprano::
* staccato::
* staff::
* staves::
* stem::
* stringendo::
* strings::
* strong beat::
* subdominant::
* submediant::
* subtonic::
* sul G::
* superdominant::
* supertonic::
* symphony::
* syncopation::
* syntonic comma::
* system::
* temperament::
* tempo indication::
* tenor::
* tenth::
* tenuto::
* third::
* thirty-second note::
* thirty-second rest::
* thorough bass::
* tie::
* time::
* time signature::
* tone::
* tonic::
* transposing instrument::
* transposition::
* treble clef::
* tremolo::
* triad::
* trill::
* triple meter::
* triplet::
* tritone::
* tuning fork::
* tuplet::
* turn::
* unison::
* upbeat::
* voice::
* volta::
* weak beat::
* whole note::
* whole rest::
* whole tone::
* woodwind::


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: A,  Next: a due,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.1 A
=====

   * ES: la

   * I: la

   * F: la

   * D: A, a

   * NL: a

   * DK: a

   * S: a

   * FI: A, a


See also
........



   *Note Pitch names::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: a due,  Next: accelerando,  Prev: A,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.2 a due
=========

ES: a dos, I: a due, F: �  deux, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: kahdelle.

   Abbreviated a2 or a 2.  In orchestral scores, a due indicates that:

  1. A single part notated on a single staff that normally carries
     parts for two players (e.g. first and second oboes) is to be
     played by both players.

  2. Or conversely, that two pitches or parts notated on a staff that
     normally carries a single part (e.g. first violin) are to be
     played by different players, or groups of players (`desks').



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: accelerando,  Next: accent,  Prev: a due,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.3 accelerando
===============

ES: accelerando, I: accelerando, F: accelerando, en accélérant, D:
accelerando, schneller werden, NL: accelerando, DK: accelerando, S:
accelerando, FI: accelerando, kiihdyttäen.

   [Italian: `speed up, accelerate']

   Increase tempo



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: accent,  Next: accessory,  Prev: accelerando,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.4 accent
==========

ES: acento, I: accento, F: accent, D: Akzent, NL: accent, DK: accent,
S: accent, FI: aksentti, korostus.

   The stress of one tone over others.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: accessory,  Next: acciaccatura,  Prev: accent,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.5 accessory
=============



See also
........



   *Note ornament::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: acciaccatura,  Next: accidental,  Prev: accessory,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.6 acciaccatura
================

ES: ?, I: acciaccatura, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: ?.

   A grace note which takes its time from the rest or note preceding the
principal note to which it is attached. The acciaccatura is drawn as a
small eighth note (quaver) with a line drawn through the flag and stem.



See also
........



   *Note appoggiatura::, *Note grace notes::, *Note ornament::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: accidental,  Next: adagio,  Prev: acciaccatura,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.7 accidental
==============

ES: alteración accidental, I: accidento, F: altération accidentelle,
D: Versetzungszeichen, Akzidenz, NL: toevallig (verplaatsings)teken,
DK: løst fortegn, S: tillfälligt förtecken, FI: tilapäinen
etumerkki.

   An accidental alters a note by:

   * Raising its pitch:
        * By two semitones (a whole tone)—double sharp

        * By one semitone—sharp

   * Lowering its pitch:
        * By one semitone—flat

        * By two semitones (a whole tone)—double flat

   * Or canceling the effects of the key signature or previous
     accidentals.

     [image of music]



See also
........



   *Note alteration::, *Note semitone::, *Note whole tone::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: adagio,  Next: al niente,  Prev: accidental,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.8 adagio
==========

ES: adagio, I: adagio, F: adagio, lent, D: Adagio, Langsam, NL: adagio,
DK: adagio, S: adagio, FI: adagio, hitaasti.

   [Italian: `comfortable, easy']

   * Slow tempo, slower - especially in even meter - than andante and
     faster than largo.

   * A movement in slow tempo, especially the second (slow) movement of
     sonatas, symphonies, etc.



See also
........



   *Note andante::, *Note largo::, *Note sonata::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: al niente,  Next: alla breve,  Prev: adagio,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.9 al niente
=============

ES: ?, I: al niente, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: häviten
olemattomiin.

   [Italian: `to nothing']  Used with decrescendo to indicate that the
sound should fade away to nothing.

   Al niente is indicated by circling the tip of the hairpin:

     [image of music]


   or with the actual phrase al niente:

     [image of music]


   Since one does not crescendo _to_ nothing, it is not correct to use
al niente with crescendo.  Instead, one should use _dal niente_ (from
nothing).



See also
........



   *Note crescendo::, *Note dal niente::, *Note decrescendo::, *Note
hairpin::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: alla breve,  Next: allegro,  Prev: al niente,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.10 alla breve
===============

ES: ?, I: ?, F: alla breve, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: ?.

   [Italian: `on the breve']  Twice as fast as the notation indicates.

   Also called in cut-time.  The name derives from mensural notation,
where the tactus (or beat) is counted on the semibreve (the modern
whole note).  Counting `on the breve' shifts the tactus to the next
longest note value, which (in modern usage) effectively halves all note
values.

   (In mensural notation, breves and semibreves can have a ternary
relationship, in which case alla breve means thrice (not twice) as
fast.  In practice, this complication may not have mattered, since
Gaffurius's system of multiplex proportions makes it easy to explicitly
state which proportion is needed.)



See also
........



   *Note breve::, *Note hemiola::, *Note mensural notation::, *Note
note value::, *Note proportion::, *Note whole note::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: allegro,  Next: alteration,  Prev: alla breve,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.11 allegro
============

ES: allegro, I: allegro, F: allegro, D: Allegro, Schnell, Fröhlich,
Lustig, NL: allegro, DK: allegro, S: allegro, FI: allegro, nopeasti.

   [Italian: `cheerful']  Quick tempo.  Also used as a title for pieces
in a quick tempo, especially the first and last movements of a sonata.



See also
........



   *Note sonata::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: alteration,  Next: alto,  Prev: allegro,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.12 alteration
===============

ES: alteración, I: alterazione, F: altération, D: Alteration, NL:
verhoging of verlaging, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: muunnettu.

   An alteration is the modification, raising or lowering, of a note's
pitch.  It is established by an accidental.



See also
........



   *Note accidental::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: alto,  Next: alto clef,  Prev: alteration,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.13 alto
=========

ES: alto, I: contralto, F: alto, D: Alt, NL: alt, DK: alt, S: alt, FI:
altto, matala naisääni.

   A female voice of low range (_contralto_).  Originally the alto was
a high male voice (hence the name), which by the use of falsetto
reached the height of the female voice.  This type of voice is also
known as countertenor.



See also
........



   *Note countertenor::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: alto clef,  Next: ambitus,  Prev: alto,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.14 alto clef
==============

ES: clave de do en tercera, I: chiave di contralto, F: clef d'ut
troisième ligne, D: Altschlüssel, Bratschenschlüssel, NL: alt
sleutel, DK: altnøgle, S: altklav, FI: alttoavain.

   C clef setting middle C on the middle line of the staff.



See also
........



   *Note C clef::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ambitus,  Next: anacrusis,  Prev: alto clef,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.15 ambitus
============

ES: ámbito, I: ambitus, F: ambitus, D: Ambitus, NL: ambitus, DK:
ambitus, S: ambitus, FI: ambitus, ääniala, soitinala.

   [Latin: past participle of _ambire_, `to go around'; plural: ambitus]
Denotes a range of pitches for a given voice in a part of music.  It may
also denote the pitch range that a musical instrument is capable of
playing.  Sometimes anglicized to _ambit_ (pl. _ambits_).



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: anacrusis,  Next: ancient minor scale,  Prev: ambitus,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.16 anacrusis
==============

ES: anacrusa, I: anacrusi, F: anacrouse, levée, D: Auftakt, NL: opmaat,
DK: optakt, S: upptakt, FI: kohotahti.

   An anacrusis (also known as pickup or upbeat) is an incomplete
measure of music before a section of music. It also refers to the
initial note(s) of a melody occurring in that incomplete measure.

     [image of music]



See also
........



   *Note measure::, *Note meter::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ancient minor scale,  Next: andante,  Prev: anacrusis,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.17 ancient minor scale
========================

ES: escala menor natural, I: scala minore naturale, F: forme du mode
mineur ancien, troisème mode, mode hellénique, D: reines Moll,
natürliches Moll, NL: authentieke mineurtoonladder, DK: ren mol, S:
ren mollskala, FI: luonnollinen molliasteikko.

   Also called `natural minor scale'.

     [image of music]



See also
........



   *Note diatonic scale::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: andante,  Next: appoggiatura,  Prev: ancient minor scale,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.18 andante
============

ES: andante, I: andante, F: andante, D: Andante, Gehend, NL: andante,
DK: andante, S: andante, FI: andante, käyden.

   [Italian: present participle of _andare_, `to walk']

   Walking tempo/character.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: appoggiatura,  Next: arpeggio,  Prev: andante,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.19 appoggiatura
=================

ES: apoyatura, I: appoggiatura, F: appoggiature, (port de voix), D:
Vorschlag, Vorhalt NL: voorslag, DK: forslag, S: förslag, FI:
appoggiatura, etuhele.

   Ornamental note, usually a second, that is melodically connected with
the main note following it.  In music before the 19th century
appoggiature were usually performed on the beat, after that mostly
before the beat.  While the short appoggiatura is performed as a short
note regardless of the duration of the main note the duration of the
long appoggiatura is proportional to that of the main note.

     [image of music]


   An appoggiatura may have more notes preceding the main note.

     [image of music]



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: arpeggio,  Next: articulation,  Prev: appoggiatura,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.20 arpeggio
=============

ES: arpegio, I: arpeggio, F: arpège, D: Arpeggio, Akkordbrechungen,
gebrochener Akkord, NL: gebroken akoord, DK: arpeggio, akkordbrydning,
S: arpeggio, FI: arpeggio, murtosointu.

   [Italian: `harp-like, played like a harp']

[image of music]



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: articulation,  Next: ascending interval,  Prev: arpeggio,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.21 articulation
=================

ES: articulación, I: articulazione, F: articulation, D: Artikulation,
NL: articulatie, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: artikulaatio, ilmaisu.

   Articulation refers to notation which indicates how a note or notes
should be played.  Slurs, accents, staccato, and legato are all
examples of articulation.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ascending interval,  Next: augmentation,  Prev: articulation,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.22 ascending interval
=======================

ES: intervalo ascendente, I: intervallo ascendente, F: intervalle
ascendant, D: steigendes Intervall, NL: stijgend interval, DK: stigende
interval, S: stigande intervall, FI: nouseva intervalli.

   A distance between a starting lower note and a higher ending note.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: augmented interval,  Next: autograph,  Prev: augmentation,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.23 augmented interval
=======================

ES: intervalo aumentado, I: intervallo aumentato, F: intervalle
augmenté, D: übermäßiges Intervall, NL: overmatig interval, DK:
forstørret interval, S: överstigande intervall, FI: ylinouseva
intervalli.



See also
........



   *Note interval::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: augmentation,  Next: augmented interval,  Prev: ascending interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.24 augmentation
=================

ES: ?, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: aika-arvojen
pidentäminen.

   This is a placeholder for augmentation (wrt mensural notation).



See also
........



   *Note diminution::, *Note mensural notation::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: autograph,  Next: B,  Prev: augmented interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.25 autograph
==============

ES: manuscrito, I: autografo, F: manuscrit, autographe D: Autograph,
Handschrift, NL: manuscript, DK: håndskrift, autograf, S: handskrift,
FI: käsinkirjoitettu nuotti.

   * A manuscript written in the composer's own hand.

   * Music prepared for photoreproduction by freehand drawing, with the
     aid of a straightedge ruler and T-square only, which attempts to
     emulate engraving. This required more skill than did engraving.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: B,  Next: backfall,  Prev: autograph,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.26 B
======

   * ES: si

   * I: si

   * F: si

   * D: H, h

   * NL: b

   * DK: h

   * S: h

   * FI: H, h


See also
........



   *Note H::, *Note Pitch names::


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: backfall,  Next: bar,  Prev: B,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.27 backfall
=============



See also
........



   *Note appoggiatura::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: bar,  Next: bar line,  Prev: backfall,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.28 bar
========



See also
........



   *Note measure::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: bar line,  Next: baritone,  Prev: bar,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.29 bar line
=============

ES: barra, línea divisoria, I: stanghetta, barra (di divisione), F:
barre (de mesure), D: Taktstrich, NL: maatstreep, DK: taktstreg, S:
taktstreck, FI: tahtiviiva.

   A vertical line through the staff (or through multiple staves) that
separates measures.  Used very infrequently during the Renaissance
(mostly in secular music, or in sacred music to indicate congruences
between parts in otherwise-unmetered music).



See also
........



   *Note measure::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: baritone,  Next: baritone clef,  Prev: bar line,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.30 baritone
=============

ES: barítono, I: baritono, F: bariton, D: Bariton, NL: bariton, DK:
baryton, S: baryton, FI: baritoni, keskikorkuinen miesääni.

   The male voice intermediate in pitch between the bass and the tenor.



See also
........



   *Note bass::, *Note tenor::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: baritone clef,  Next: bass,  Prev: baritone,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.31 baritone clef
==================

ES: clave de fa en tercera, I: chiave di baritono, F: clef d' Ut
cinquième ligne, clef de Fa troisième, D: Baritonschlüssel, NL:
baritonsleutel, DK: barytonnøgle, S: barytonklav, FI: baritoniavain.

   C or F clef setting middle C on the upper staff line.



See also
........



   *Note C clef::, *Note F clef::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: bass,  Next: bass clef,  Prev: baritone clef,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.32 bass
=========

ES: bajo, I: basso, F: basse, D: Bass, NL: bas, DK: bas, S: bas, FI:
basso, matala miesääni.

   * The lowest male voice.

   * Sometimes, especially in jazz music, used as an abbreviation for
     double bass.



See also
........



   *Note strings::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: bass clef,  Next: beam,  Prev: bass,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.33 bass clef
==============

ES: clave de fa en cuarta, I: chiave di basso, F: clef de fa quatrième
ligne, D: Bassschlüssel, NL: bassleutel, DK: basnøgle, S: basklav,
FI: bassoavain.

   A clef setting with middle C on the first top ledger line.



See also
........



   *Note F clef::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: beam,  Next: beat,  Prev: bass clef,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.34 beam
=========

ES: barra I: coda, F: barre, D: Balken, NL: waardestreep, DK: bjælke,
S: balk, FI: palkki.

   Line connecting a series of notes (shorter than a quarter note). The
number of beams determines the note value of the connected notes.

[image of music]



See also
........



   *Note feathered beam::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: beat,  Next: beat repeat,  Prev: beam,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.35 beat
=========

ES: tiempo, parte (de compás) I: tempi, F: temps, D: Takt, Taktschlag,
Zeit (im Takt), NL: tel, DK: (takt)slag, S: taktslag, FI: aika-arvo.

   Note value used for counting, most often half-, fourth-, and eighth
notes.  The base counting value and the number of them in each measure
is indicated at the start of the music by the time signature.

     [image of music]



See also
........



   *Note time signature::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: beat repeat,  Next: bind,  Prev: beat,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.36 beat repeat
================



See also
........



   *Note percent repeat::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: bind,  Next: brace,  Prev: beat repeat,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.37 bind
=========



See also
........



   *Note tie::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: brace,  Next: bracket,  Prev: bind,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.38 brace
==========

ES: llave, corchete, I: graffa, F: accolade, D: Klammer, Akkolade, NL:
accolade, teksthaak, DK: klamme, S: klammer, FI: yhdistävä
sulkumerkki.

   Symbol at the start of a system connecting staves.

   Curly braces are used for connecting piano staves, and sometimes for
connecting the staves of like instruments in an orchestral score when
written on different staves (e.g. first and second flutes):

     [image of music]


   Angular brackets for connecting parts in an orchestral or choral
score:

     [image of music]



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: bracket,  Next: brass,  Prev: brace,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.39 bracket
============

ES: corchete, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: sulkumerkki.



See also
........



   *Note brace::


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: brass,  Next: breath mark,  Prev: bracket,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.40 brass
==========

ES: metales, I: ottoni, D: Blechbläser, NL: koper (blazers), F:
cuivres, DK: messingblæsere, S: brassinstrument, mässingsinstrument,
FI: vaskisoitin.

   A family of blown musical instruments made of brass, all using a cup
formed mouth piece.  The brass instruments commonly used in a symphony
orchestra are trumpet, trombone, french horn, and tuba.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: breath mark,  Next: breve,  Prev: brass,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.41 breath mark
================

ES: respiración, I: respiro, F: respiration, D: Atemzeichen,
Trennungszeichen, NL: repercussieteken, DK: vejrtrækningstegn, S:
andningstecken, FI: hengitysmerkki.

   Indication of where to breathe in vocal and wind instrument parts.



See also
........



   *Note caesura::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: breve,  Next: C,  Prev: breath mark,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.42 breve
==========

   * US: breve, double-whole note

   * ES: cuadrada, breve

   * I: breve

   * F: brève

   * D: Brevis

   * NL: brevis

   * DK: brevis

   * S: brevis

   * FI: brevis, kaksoiskokonuotti

   Note value: twice the length of a whole note (semibreve).

   Mainly used in music from before 1650.  In mensural notation, it was
a note of fairly short duration—hence the name, which is Latin for
`short' or `of short duration'.

     [image of music]



See also
........



   *Note mensural notation::, *Note note value::, *Note semibreve::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: C,  Next: C clef,  Prev: breve,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.43 C
======

   * ES: do

   * I: do

   * F: ut

   * D: C, c

   * NL: c

   * DK: c

   * S: c

   * FI: C, c


See also
........



   *Note Pitch names::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: C clef,  Next: cadence,  Prev: C,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.44 C clef
===========

ES: clave de do, I: chiave di do, F: clef d'ut, D: C-Schlüssel, NL:
C-sleutel, DK: c-nøgle, S: c-klav, FI: C-avain.

   Clef symbol indicating the position of the middle C.  Used on all
note lines.

[image of music]



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: cadence,  Next: cadenza,  Prev: C clef,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.45 cadence
============

ES: cadencia, I: cadenza, F: cadence, D: Kadenz, NL: cadens, DK:
kadence, S: kadens, FI: kadenssi, lopuke.



See also
........



   *Note harmonic cadence::, *Note functional harmony::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: cadenza,  Next: caesura,  Prev: cadence,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.46 cadenza
============

ES: cadenza, I: cadenza, F: cadence, D: Kadenz, NL: cadens, DK: kadence,
S: kadens, FI: kadenssi, lopuke.

   An extended, improvisatory style section inserted near the end of
movement.  The purpose of a cadenza is to give singers or players a
chance to exhibit their technical skill and - not last - their ability
to improvise.  Since the middle of the 19th century, however, most
cadenzas have been written down by the composer.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: caesura,  Next: canon,  Prev: cadenza,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.47 caesura
============

ES: cesura, I: cesura, F: césura, D: Zäsur, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI:
välimerkki.

   [Latin: from the supine of _caedere_ `to cut down']

   The break between two musical phrases, sometimes (but not always)
marked by a rest or a breath mark.



See also
........



   *Note breath mark::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: canon,  Next: cent,  Prev: caesura,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.48 canon
==========

ES: canon, I: canone, F: canon, D: Kanon, NL: canon, DK: kanon, S:
kanon, FI: kaanon, tarkka jäljittely.



See also
........



   *Note counterpoint::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: cent,  Next: central C,  Prev: canon,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.49 cent
=========

ES: cent, I: cent, F: cent, D: Cent, NL: cent, DK: cent, S: cent, FI:
sentti, puolisävelaskeleen sadasosa tasavireisessä
viritysjärjestelmässä.

   Logarithmic unit of measurement.  1 cent is 1/1200 of an octave
(1/100 of an equally tempered semitone).



See also
........



   *Note equal temperament::, *Note semitone::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: central C,  Next: chord,  Prev: cent,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.50 central C
==============



See also
........



   *Note middle C::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: chord,  Next: chromatic scale,  Prev: central C,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.51 chord
==========

ES: acorde, I: accordo, F: accord, D: Akkord, NL: akkoord, DK: akkord,
S: ackord, FI: sointu.

   Three or more tones sounding simultaneously.  In traditional
European music the base chord is a _triad_ consisting of two thirds.
_Major_ (major + minor third) as well as _minor_ (minor + major third)
chords may be extended with more thirds. Four-tone _seventh chords_ and
five-tone _ninth_ major chords are most often used as dominants
(functional harmony).  Chords having no third above the lower notes to
define their mood are a special case called `open chords'.  The lack of
the middle third means their quality is ambivalent - neither major nor
minor.

[image of music]



See also
........



   *Note functional harmony::, *Note interval::, *Note inversion::,
*Note quality::, *Note third::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: chromatic scale,  Next: chromaticism,  Prev: chord,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.52 chromatic scale
====================

ES: escala cromática, I: scala cromatica, F: gamme chromatique, D:
chromatische Tonleiter, NL: chromatische toonladder, DK: kromatisk
skala, S: kromatisk skala, FI: kromaattinen asteikko.

   A scale consisting of all 12 semitones.

[image of music]



See also
........



   *Note semitone::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: chromaticism,  Next: church mode,  Prev: chromatic scale,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.53 chromaticism
=================

ES: cromatismo, I: cromatismo, F: chromatisme, D: Chromatik, NL:
chromatiek, DK: kromatik, S: kromatik, FI: kromatiikka.

   Using tones extraneous to a diatonic scale (minor, major).



See also
........



   *Note diatonic scale::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: church mode,  Next: clef,  Prev: chromaticism,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.54 church mode
================

ES: modo eclesiástico, I: modo ecclesiastico, F: mode ecclésiastique,
D: Kirchentonart, NL: kerktoonladder, DK: kirketoneart, S: kyrkotonart,
FI: moodi, kirkkosävellaji.



See also
........



   *Note diatonic scale::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: clef,  Next: cluster,  Prev: church mode,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.55 clef
=========

ES: clave, I: chiave, F: clé, clef, D: Schlüssel, Notenschlüssel,
NL: sleutel, DK: nøgle, S: klav, FI: avain, nuottiavain.

   The clef indicates which lines of the staff correspond to which
pitches.  The three clef symbols in common use are:

     [image of music]


   Imagine a large staff of 11 lines centered on middle C, sometimes
called a `grand staff', with the bottom line representing low G and the
top line high F:

     [image of music]


   Staves of five lines are usually used, and the clef superimposed on
them indicates which five lines have been selected from this `grand
staff'. For example, the treble or G clef indicates that the top five
lines have been selected:

     [image of music]


   The `curl' of the G clef is centered on the line that represents the
pitch G.

   In the same way, the bass or F clef indicates that the bottom five
lines have been selected from the `grand staff', and the alto or C clef
indicates the middle five lines have been selected.  This relationship
is shown below, where the notes show an arpeggio on a C major chord.

     [image of music]



See also
........



   *Note C clef::, *Note F clef::, *Note G clef::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: cluster,  Next: comma,  Prev: clef,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.56 cluster
============

ES: racimo, I: ?, F: ?, D: Cluster, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: klusteri,
cluster.

   A _cluster_ is a range of simultaneously sounding pitches that may
change over time.  The set of available pitches to apply usually
depends on the acoustic source.  Thus, in piano music, a cluster
typically consists of a continuous range of the semitones as provided
by the piano's fixed set of a chromatic scale.  In choral music, each
singer of the choir typically may sing an arbitrary pitch within the
cluster's range that is not bound to any diatonic, chromatic or other
scale.  In electronic music, a cluster (theoretically) may even cover a
continuous range of pitches, thus resulting in colored noise, such as
pink noise.

   Clusters can be denoted in the context of ordinary staff notation by
engraving simple geometrical shapes that replace ordinary notation of
notes.  Ordinary notes as musical events specify starting time and
duration of pitches; however, the duration of a note is expressed by
the shape of the note head rather than by the horizontal graphical
extent of the note symbol.  In contrast, the shape of a cluster
geometrically describes the development of a range of pitches (vertical
extent) over time (horizontal extent).  Still, the geometrical shape of
a cluster covers the area in which any single pitch contained in the
cluster would be notated as an ordinary note.

     [image of music]



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: comma,  Next: common meter,  Prev: cluster,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.57 comma
==========

ES: coma, comma, I: comma, F: comma, D: Komma, NL: komma, DK: komma, S:
komma, FI: komma, korvinkuultava ero äänenkorkeudessa.

   Difference in pitch between a note derived from pure tuning and the
same note derived from some other tuning method.



See also
........



   *Note didymic comma::, *Note Pythagorean comma::, *Note syntonic
comma::, *Note temperament::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: common meter,  Next: common time,  Prev: comma,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.58 common meter
=================

Another name for *Note common time::.



See also
........



   *Note common time::, *Note meter::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: common time,  Next: complement,  Prev: common meter,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.59 common time
================

ES: compasillo, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: C-merkintä.

   4/4 time.  The symbol, which resembles a capital letter C, comes from
mensural notation.



See also
........



   *Note mensural notation::, *Note meter::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: complement,  Next: compound interval,  Prev: common time,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.60 complement
===============

ES: intervalo invertido, I: rivolto, F: intervalle complémentaire, D:
Komplementärintervall, NL: complementair interval, DK:
komplementærinterval, S: komplementärintervall (?), FI: täydentävä
intervalli.



See also
........



   *Note inverted interval::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: compound interval,  Next: compound meter,  Prev: complement,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.61 compound interval
======================

ES: intervalo compuesto, I: intervallo composto, F: intervalle composé,
D: weites Intervall, NL: samengesteld interval, DK: sammensat interval,
S: sammansatt intervall, FI: oktaavia laajempi intervalli.

   Intervals larger than an octave.



See also
........



   *Note interval::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: compound meter,  Next: compound time,  Prev: compound interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.62 compound meter
===================

ES: compás compuesto, compás de subdivisión ternaria, I: ?, F: ?, D:
?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: kolmijakoinen tahtilaji.

   A meter that includes a triplet subdivision within the beat, such as
6/8, 9/8, 12/8.



See also
........



   *Note meter::, *Note simple meter::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: compound time,  Next: concert pitch,  Prev: compound meter,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.63 compound time
==================

ES: compás compuesto, compás de amalgama (def. 2), I: ?, F: ?, D: ?,
NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: yhdistetty tahtilajiosoitus.

  1. A meter that includes a triplet subdivision within the beat: see
     *Note compound meter::.

  2. A time signature that additively combines two or more unequal
     meters, e.g., "3/8 + 2/8" instead of "5/8".  Sometimes called
     additive time signatures.


[image of music]



See also
........



   *Note compound meter::, *Note meter::, *Note polymetric time
signature::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: concert pitch,  Next: conjunct movement,  Prev: compound time,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.64 concert pitch
==================

ES: en Do, afinación de concierto, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S:
?, FI: konserttikorkeus.

   The pitch at which the piano and other nontransposing instruments
play: such instruments are said to be `in C'.  The following list
includes some (but not all) instruments that play in concert pitch:

Woodwinds       Brass            Strings
------------------------------------------------- 
   * flute         * alto           * violin
                     trombone    
   * oboe                           * viola
                   * tenor       
   * bassoon         trombone       *
                                      violoncello
                   * bass        
                     trombone    

   The trombones are a special case: although they are said to be `in
F' (alto or bass) or `in B-flat' (tenor), this refers to their
fundamental note, not to their parts' transposition.  (In fact, the
trombones' parts are written at concert pitch with an appropriate clef
- alto, tenor or bass.)  This differs from other instruments `in F',
`in B-flat', and so on, which are transposing instruments.

   Instruments that play `in C' but in a different octave than what is
written are, technically speaking, _transposing instruments_:

   * piccolo (plays an octave higher)

   * celesta (plays an octave higher)

   * double bass (plays an octave lower)



See also
........



   *Note transposing instrument::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: conjunct movement,  Next: consonance,  Prev: concert pitch,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.65 conjunct movement
======================

ES: movimiento conjunto, I: moto congiunto, F: mouvement conjoint, D:
schrittweise, stufenweise Bewegung, NL: stapsgewijze, trapsgewijze
beweging, DK: trinvis bevægelse, S: stegvis rörelse, FI: asteittainen
liike.

   Progressing melodically by intervals of a second, as contrasted with
_disjunct movement_.

[image of music]



See also
........



   *Note disjunct movement::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: consonance,  Next: contralto,  Prev: conjunct movement,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.66 consonance
===============

ES: consonancia, I: consonanza, F: consonance, D: Konsonanz, NL:
consonant, DK: konsonans, S: konsonans, FI: konsonanssi, sopusointi.



See also
........



   *Note harmony::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: contralto,  Next: copying music,  Prev: consonance,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.67 contralto
==============

ES: contralto, I: contralto, F: contralto, D: Alt, NL: contralto, DK:
alt, S: alt, FI: kontra-altto.



See also
........



   *Note alto::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: copying music,  Next: counterpoint,  Prev: contralto,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.68 copying music
==================

A music copyist did fast freehand scores and parts on preprinted staff
lines for performance.  Some of their conventions (e.g., the placement
of note heads on stems) varied slightly from those of engravers.  Some
of their working methods were superior and could well be adopted by
music typesetters.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: counterpoint,  Next: countertenor,  Prev: copying music,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.69 counterpoint
=================

ES: contrapunto, I: contrappunto, F: contrepoint, D: Kontrapunkt, NL:
contrapunt, DK: kontrapunkt, S: kontrapunkt, FI: kontrapunkti, ääni
ääntä vastaan.

   From Latin _punctus contra punctum_, note against note.  The
combination into a single musical fabric of lines or parts which have
distinct melodic significance.  A frequently used polyphonic technique
is imitation, in its strictest form found in the canon needing only one
part to be written down while the other parts are performed with a
given displacement.  Imitation is also the contrapuntal technique used
in the _fugue_ which, since the music of the baroque era, has been one
of the most popular polyphonic composition methods.

[image of music]



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: countertenor,  Next: crescendo,  Prev: counterpoint,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.70 countertenor
=================

ES: contratenor, I: controtenore, F: contre-tenor, D: Countertenor,
Kontratenor, NL: contratenor, DK: kontratenor, S: kontratenor, counter
tenor, FI: kontratenori.



See also
........



   *Note contralto::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: crescendo,  Next: cue-notes,  Prev: countertenor,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.71 crescendo
==============

ES: crescendo, I: crescendo, F: crescendo, D: Crescendo, lauter werden,
NL: crescendo, DK: crescendo, S: crescendo, FI: cresendo, voimistuen.

   Increasing volume.  Indicated by a rightwards opening horizontal
wedge (hairpin) or the abbreviation cresc..

     [image of music]



See also
........



   *Note decrescendo::, *Note hairpin::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: cue-notes,  Next: custos,  Prev: crescendo,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.72 cue-notes
==============

ES: notas guía, I: notine, F: petites notes précédent l'entrée d'un
instrument, réplique, D: Stichnoten, NL: stichnoten, DK: stiknoder, S:
inprickningar, FI: vihjenuotit.

   In a separate part notes belonging to another part with the purpose
of hinting when to start playing.  Usually printed in a smaller type.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: custos,  Next: cut time,  Prev: cue-notes,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.73 custos
===========

ES: custos, I: ?, F: guidon, D: Notenzeiger, Custos, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?,
FI: vihje.

   A custos (plural: custodes) is a staff symbol that appears at the
end of a staff line with monophonic musical contents (i.e., with a
single voice).  It anticipates the pitch of the first note of the
following line and thus helps the player or singer to manage line
breaks during performance, which enhances the readability of a score.

   Custodes were frequently used in music notation until the 16th
century.  There were different appearences for different notation
styles.  Nowadays, they have survived only in special forms of musical
notation such as the _Editio Vaticana_, dating from the beginning of
the 20th century

     [image of music]



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: cut time,  Next: D,  Prev: custos,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.74 cut time
=============



See also
........



   *Note alla breve::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: D,  Next: da capo,  Prev: cut time,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.75 D
======

   * ES: re

   * I: re

   * F: ré

   * D: D, d

   * NL: d

   * DK: d

   * S: d

   * FI: D, d


See also
........



   *Note Pitch names::


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: da capo,  Next: dal niente,  Prev: D,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.76 da capo
============

ES: da capo, I: da capo, F: da capo, depuis le commencement, D: da
capo, von Anfang, NL: da capo, DK: da capo, S: da capo, FI: da capo,
alusta.

   Abbreviated D.C..  Indicates that the piece is to be repeated from
the beginning to the end or to a certain place marked _fine_.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: dal niente,  Next: dal segno,  Prev: da capo,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.77 dal niente
===============

ES: ?, I: dal niente, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: tyhjästä
ilmaantuen.

   [Italian: `from nothing']  Used with crescendo to indicate that the
sound should gradually increase from nothing.



See also
........



   *Note al niente::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: dal segno,  Next: decrescendo,  Prev: dal niente,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.78 dal segno
==============

ES: dal segno, I: dal segno, F: dal segno, depuis le signe, D: dal
segno, ab dem Zeichen, NL: dal segno, DK: dal segno, S: dal segno, FI:
dal segno, lähtien merkistä.

   Abbreviated D.S..  Repetition, not from the beginning, but from
another place frequently near the beginning marked by a sign (segno):

     [image of music]



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: decrescendo,  Next: descending interval,  Prev: dal segno,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.79 decrescendo
================

ES: decrescendo, I: decrescendo, D: Decrescendo, leiser werden, NL:
decrescendo, DK: decrescendo, S: decrescendo, FI: decresendo,
hiljentyen.

   Decreasing tone volume.  Indicated by a leftwards opening horizontal
wedge (hairpin) or the abbreviation decresc..

     [image of music]



See also
........



   *Note crescendo::, *Note diminuendo::, *Note hairpin::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: descending interval,  Next: diatonic scale,  Prev: decrescendo,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.80 descending interval
========================

ES: intervalo descendente, I: intervallo discendente, F: intervalle
descendant, D: fallendes Intervall, absteigendes Intervall, NL: dalend
interval, DK: faldende interval, S: fallande intervall, FI: laskeva
intervalli.

   A distance between a starting higher note and a lower ending note.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: diatonic scale,  Next: didymic comma,  Prev: descending interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.81 diatonic scale
===================

ES: escala diatónica, I: scala diatonica, F: gamme diatonique, D:
diatonische Tonleiter, NL: diatonische toonladder, DK: diatonisk skala,
S: diatonisk skala, FI: diatoninen asteikko.

   A scale consisting of 5 whole tones and 2 semitones (S). Scales
played on the white keys of a piano keybord are diatonic.  These scales
are sometimes called, somewhat inaccurately, `church modes').

   These _modes_ are used in Gregorian chant and in pre-baroque early
music but also to some extent in newer jazz music.

     [image of music]


     [image of music]


     [image of music]


     [image of music]


     [image of music]


     [image of music]


     [image of music]


   From the beginning of the 17th century the scales used in European
compositional music are primarily the major and the minor scales.  In
the harmonic minor scale type an augmented second (A) occurs between
the 6th and 7th tone.

     [image of music]


     [image of music]


     [image of music]


     [image of music]


     [image of music]



See also
........



   *Note semitone::, *Note whole tone::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: didymic comma,  Next: diminished interval,  Prev: diatonic scale,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.82 didymic comma
==================



See also
........



   *Note syntonic comma::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: diminished interval,  Next: diminuendo,  Prev: didymic comma,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.83 diminished interval
========================

ES: intervalo disminuido, I: intervallo diminuito, F: intervalle
diminué, D: vermindertes Intervall, NL: verminderd interval, DK:
formindsket interval, S: förminskat intervall, FI: vähennetty
intervalli.



See also
........



   *Note interval::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: diminuendo,  Next: diminution,  Prev: diminished interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.84 diminuendo
===============

ES: diminuendo, I: diminuendo, F: diminuendo, D: diminuendo, NL:
diminuendo, DK: diminuendo, S: diminuendo, FI: diminuendo, hiljentyen.



See also
........



   *Note decrescendo::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: diminution,  Next: direct,  Prev: diminuendo,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.85 diminution
===============

ES: ?, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: aika-arvojen tihennys.

   This is a stub for diminution (_wrt_ mensural notation).



See also
........



   *Note augmentation::, *Note mensural notation::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: direct,  Next: disjunct movement,  Prev: diminution,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.86 direct
===========

ES: ?, I: ?, F: ?, D: Weiser, Zeiger, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: suora.



See also
........



   *Note custos::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: disjunct movement,  Next: dissonance,  Prev: direct,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.87 disjunct movement
======================

ES: movimiento disjunto, I: moto disgiunto, F: mouvement disjoint, D:
sprunghafte Bewegung, NL: sprongsgewijze beweging, DK: springende
bevægelse, S: hoppande rörelse, FI: melodian hyppivä liike.

   Progressing melodically by intervals larger than a major second, as
contrasted with conjunct movement.

     [image of music]



See also
........



   *Note conjunct movement::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: dissonance,  Next: dissonant interval,  Prev: disjunct movement,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.88 dissonance
===============

Another name for *Note dissonant interval::.



See also
........



   *Note dissonant interval::, *Note harmony::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: dissonant interval,  Next: divisio,  Prev: dissonance,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.89 dissonant interval
=======================

ES: intervalo disonante, disonancia, I: intervallo dissonante,
dissonanza, F: dissonance, D: Dissonanz, NL: dissonant interval,
dissonant, DK: dissonerende interval, dissonans, S: dissonans, FI:
dissonanssi, dissonoiva intervalli, riitasointi.



See also
........



   *Note harmony::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: divisio,  Next: doit,  Prev: dissonant interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.90 divisio
============

ES: ?, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: jäsennysmerkki.

   [Latin: `division'; pl. _divisiones_] In Gregorian chant, a vertical
stroke through part or all of the staff that serves to structure a
chant into phrases and sections.  There are four types:

   * _divisio minima_, a short pause

   * _divisio maior_, a medium pause

   * _divisio maxima_, a long pause

   * _finalis_, to indicate the end of a chant, or the end of a section
     in a long antiphonal or responsorial chant.


   TODO: musical example here?



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: doit,  Next: dominant,  Prev: divisio,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.91 doit
=========

ES: ?, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: nousu.

   Indicator for a indeterminately rising pitch bend.  Compare with
_glissando_, which has determinate starting and ending pitches.



See also
........



   *Note fall::, *Note glissando::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: dominant,  Next: dominant ninth chord,  Prev: doit,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.92 dominant
=============

ES: dominante, I: dominante, F: dominante, D: Dominante, NL: dominant,
DK: dominant, S: dominant, FI: dominantti, huippusointu.

   The fifth _scale degree_ in _functional harmony_.



See also
........



   *Note functional harmony::, *Note scale degree::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: dominant ninth chord,  Next: dominant seventh chord,  Prev: dominant,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.93 dominant ninth chord
=========================

ES: acorde de novena de dominante, I: accordo di nona di dominante, F:
accord de neuvième dominante, D: Dominantnonenakkord, NL: dominant
noon akkoord, DK: dominantnoneakkord, S: dominantnonackord, FI:
dominanttinoonisointu.



See also
........



   *Note chord::, *Note functional harmony::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: dominant seventh chord,  Next: dorian mode,  Prev: dominant ninth chord,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.94 dominant seventh chord
===========================

ES: acorde de séptima de dominante, I: accordo di settima di dominante,
F: accord de septième dominante, D: Dominantseptakkord, NL: dominant
septiem akkoord, DK: dominantseptimakkord, S: dominantseptimackord, FI:
dominanttiseptimisointu.



See also
........



   *Note chord::, *Note functional harmony::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: dorian mode,  Next: dot (augmentation dot),  Prev: dominant seventh chord,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.95 dorian mode
================

ES: modo dórico, I: modo dorico, F: mode dorien, D: dorisch, dorischer
Kirchenton, NL: dorische toonladder, DK: dorisk skala, S: dorisk tonart,
FI: doorinen moodi.



See also
........



   *Note diatonic scale::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: dot (augmentation dot),  Next: dotted note,  Prev: dorian mode,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.96 dot (augmentation dot)
===========================

ES: puntillo, I: punto (di valore), F: point, D: Punkt
(Verlängerungspunkt), NL: punt, DK: punkt, S: punkt, FI: piste.



See also
........



   *Note dotted note::, *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: dotted note,  Next: double appoggiatura,  Prev: dot (augmentation dot),  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.97 dotted note
================

ES: nota con puntillo, I: nota puntata, F: note pointée, D: punktierte
Note, NL: gepuncteerde noot, DK: punkteret node, S: punkterad not, FI:
pisteellinen nuotti.



See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: double appoggiatura,  Next: double bar line,  Prev: dotted note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.98 double appoggiatura
========================

ES: apoyatura doble, I: appoggiatura doppia, F: appoggiature double, D:
doppelter Vorschlag, NL: dubbele voorslag, DK: dobbelt forslag, S:
dubbelslag, FI: kaksoisappogiatura, kaksoisetuhele.



See also
........



   *Note appoggiatura::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: double bar line,  Next: double dotted note,  Prev: double appoggiatura,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.99 double bar line
====================

ES: doble barra, I: doppia barra, F: double barre, D: Doppelstrich, NL:
dubbele maatstreep, DK: dobbeltstreg, S: dubbelstreck, FI:
kaksoistahtiviiva.

   Indicates the end of a section within a movement.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: double dotted note,  Next: double flat,  Prev: double bar line,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.100 double dotted note
========================

ES: nota con doble puntillo, I: nota doppiamente puntata, F: note
doublement pointée, D: doppelt punktierte Note, NL: dubbelgepuncteerde
noot, DK: dobbeltpunkteret node, S: dubbelpunkterad not, FI:
kaksoispisteellinen nuotti.



See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: double flat,  Next: double sharp,  Prev: double dotted note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.101 double flat
=================

ES: doble bemol, I: doppio bemolle, F: double bémol, D: Doppel-B, NL:
dubbelmol, DK: dobbelt-b, S: dubbelbe, FI: kaksoisalennusmerkki.



See also
........



   *Note accidental::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: double sharp,  Next: double time signature,  Prev: double flat,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.102 double sharp
==================

ES: doble sostenido, I: doppio diesis, F: double dièse, D: Doppelkreuz,
NL: dubbelkruis, DK: dobbeltkryds, S: dubbelkors, FI:
kaksoisylennysmerkki.



See also
........



   *Note accidental::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: double time signature,  Next: double trill,  Prev: double sharp,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.103 double time signature
===========================

ES: ?, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI:
kaksois-aika-arvomerkintä.



See also
........



   *Note polymetric time signature::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: double trill,  Next: duple meter,  Prev: double time signature,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.104 double trill
==================

ES: trino doble, I: doppio trillo, F: trille double, D: Doppeltriller,
NL: dubbele triller, DK: dobbelttrille, S: dubbeldrill, FI:
kaksoistrilli.

   A simultaneous trill on two notes, usually in the distance of a
third.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: duple meter,  Next: duplet,  Prev: double trill,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.105 duple meter
=================

ES: tiempo binario, I: tempo binario, F: temps binaire, D: in zwei,
grader Takt, NL: tweedelige maatsoort, DK: todelt takt, S: tvåtakt,
FI: kaksoistempo.



See also
........



   *Note meter::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: duplet,  Next: duration,  Prev: duple meter,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.106 duplet
============

ES: dosillo, I: duina, F: duolet, D: Duole, NL: duool, DK: duol, S:
duol, FI: duoli.



See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: duration,  Next: dynamics,  Prev: duplet,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.107 duration
==============

ES: duración, I: durata, F: durée, D: Dauer, Länge, NL: duur, lengte,
DK: varighed, S: tonlängd, FI: kesto, aika-arvo.



See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: dynamics,  Next: E,  Prev: duration,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.108 dynamics
==============

ES: dinámica, matices, I: ?, F: nuances, D: Dynamik, Lautstärke, NL:
?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: äänen voimakkuusvaihtelu, dynamiikka.

   The aspect of music relating to degrees of loudness, or changes from
one degree to another.  The terms, abbreviations, and symbols used to
indicate this information are called dynamic marks.



See also
........



   *Note piano::, *Note forte::, *Note crescendo::, *Note decrescendo::,
*Note diminuendo::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: E,  Next: ecclesiastical mode,  Prev: dynamics,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.109 E
=======

   * ES: mi

   * I: mi

   * F: mi

   * D: E, e

   * NL: e

   * DK: e

   * S: e

   * FI: E, e


See also
........



   *Note Pitch names::


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ecclesiastical mode,  Next: eighth note,  Prev: E,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.110 ecclesiastical mode
=========================



See also
........



   *Note church mode::, *Note diatonic scale::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: eighth note,  Next: eighth rest,  Prev: ecclesiastical mode,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.111 eighth note
=================

   * UK: quaver

   * ES: corchea

   * I: croma

   * F: croche

   * D: Achtel, Achtelnote

   * NL: achtste noot

   * DK: ottendedelsnode

   * S: åttondelsnot

   * FI: kahdeksasosanuotti


See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: eighth rest,  Next: elision,  Prev: eighth note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.112 eighth rest
=================

   * UK: quaver rest

   * ES: silencio de corchea

   * I: pausa di croma

   * F: demi-soupir

   * D: Achtelpause

   * NL: achtste rust

   * DK: ottendedelspause

   * S: åttonddelspaus

   * FI: kahdeksasosatauko


See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: elision,  Next: embellishment,  Prev: eighth rest,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.113 elision
=============

ES: sinalefa, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: tavujen
yhdistäminen yhteen ääneen.

   More properly _synalepha_ [New Lat. > Gr. _συναλοιφη_, from
Greek _συναλοιφην_ `to smear together'].

   The singing of several syllables on a single note.  Elision may be
indicated by a lyric tie, which looks like (and serves the same
function) as a musical tie.



See also
........



   *Note lyric tie::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: embellishment,  Next: engraving,  Prev: elision,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.114 embellishment
===================



See also
........



   *Note ornament::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: engraving,  Next: enharmonic,  Prev: embellishment,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.115 engraving
===============

ES: grabado, I: incisione, F: gravure, D: Notenstich, Notendruck NL:
steken, DK: nodestik, S: nottryck, FI: painatus.

   Engraving means incising or etching a metal plate for printing.
Photoengraving means drawing music with ink in a manner similar to
drafting or engineering drawing, using similar tools.

   The traditional process of music printing is done through cutting in
a plate of metal.  Now also the term for the art of music typesetting.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: enharmonic,  Next: equal temperament,  Prev: engraving,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.116 enharmonic
================

ES: enarmónico, I: enarmonico, F: enharmonique, D: enharmonisch, NL:
enharmonisch, DK: enharmonisk, S: enharmonisk, FI: enharmoninen.

   Two notes, intervals, or scales are enharmonic if they have different
names but equal pitch.

[image of music]



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: equal temperament,  Next: expression mark,  Prev: enharmonic,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.117 equal temperament
=======================

ES: temperamento igual, I: temperamento equabile, F: tempérament égal,
D: gleichschwebende Stimmung, NL: gelijkzwevende temperatuur, DK:
ligesvævende temperatur, S: liksvävande temperatur, FI: tasavireinen.

   A tuning system that divides the octave into 12 equal semitones
(each of which is precisely equal to 100 cents).



See also
........



   *Note cent::, *Note semitone::, *Note temperament::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: expression mark,  Next: extender line,  Prev: equal temperament,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.118 expression mark
=====================

ES: expresión, I: segno d'espressione, F: signe d'expression,
indication de nuance, D: Vortragszeichen, NL: voordrachtsteken, DK:
foredragsbetegnelse, S: föredragsbeteckning, FI: nyanssiosoitus,
esitysmerkki.

   Performance indications concerning:

   * volume, dynamics (for example, forte, crescendo),

   * tempo (for example, andante, allegro).



See also
........



   *Note allegro::, *Note andante::, *Note crescendo::, *Note forte::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: extender line,  Next: F,  Prev: expression mark,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.119 extender line
===================

ES: línea de extensión [de melisma, de bajo cifrado, etc.], I: ?, F:
ligne d'extension [de mélisme, de basse chiffrée, etc.], D:
Fülllinie, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: pidennysviiva.

   The generic term (in LilyPond) for a line (or dash) of arbitrary
length that extends text (without indicating the musical _function_ of
that text).

   Used in many contexts, for example:

   * In vocal music to indicate the syllable for a melisma.  Called
     `extension' in the Dolmetsch Online Music Dictionary
     (http://www.dolmetsch.com/defse1.htm).

   * In figured bass to indicate that:

        * The extended note should be held through a change in harmony,
          when applied to one figure -OR-

        * The chord thus represented should be held above a moving bass
          line, when applied to more than one figure.

        * These uses were not completely standardized, and some
          composers used a single extender line to indicate the latter
          case.


   * In string music to indicate that all notes in the passage thus
     indicated should be played on the same string.  On the violin, for
     example, a series of notes to be played on the G string would be
     indicated sul G, another series to be played on the D string would
     be indicated sul D, and so on.

   * With an octave mark to indicate that a passage is to be played
     higher or lower by the given number of octaves.



See also
........



   *Note melisma::, *Note sul G::, *Note thorough bass::, *Note octave
mark::, *Note octave marking::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: F,  Next: F clef,  Prev: extender line,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.120 F
=======

   * ES: fa

   * I: fa

   * F: fa

   * D: F, f

   * NL: f

   * DK: f

   * S: f

   * FI: F, f


See also
........



   *Note Pitch names::


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: F clef,  Next: fall,  Prev: F,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.121 F clef
============

ES: clave de fa, I: chiave di fa, F: clef de fa, D: F-Schlüssel, NL:
F-sleutel, DK: F-nøgle, S: f-klav, FI: F-avain.

   The position between the dots of the key symbol is the line of the F
below central C.  Used on the third, fourth and fifth note line.  A
digit 8 above the clef symbol indicates that the notes must be played
an octave higher (for example, bass recorder) while 8 below the clef
symbol indicates playing an octave lower (for example, on the Double
Bass).

[image of music]



See also
........



   *Note baritone clef::, *Note strings::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: fall,  Next: feathered beam,  Prev: F clef,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.122 fall
==========

ES: ?, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: lasku.

   Indicator for a indeterminately falling pitch bend.  Compare with
_glissando_, which has determinate starting and ending pitches.



See also
........



   *Note doit::, *Note glissando::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: feathered beam,  Next: fermata,  Prev: fall,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.123 feathered beam
====================

ES: barra punteada, I: ?, F: liens de croches en soufflet, D:
gespreizter Balken, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: kiilapalkki.

   A type of beam used to indicate that a small group of notes should be
played at an increasing or decreasing tempo - depending on the
direction of `feathering' - but without changing the overall tempo of
the piece.



See also
........



   Internals Reference: *Note Manual beams: (lilypond)Manual beams.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: fermata,  Next: fifth,  Prev: feathered beam,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.124 fermata
=============

ES: calderón, I: corona, F: point d'orgue, point d'arrêt, D: Fermate,
NL: fermate, DK: fermat, S: fermat, FI: fermaatti, pidäke.

   Prolonged note or rest of indefinite duration.

     [image of music]



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: fifth,  Next: figured bass,  Prev: fermata,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.125 fifth
===========

ES: quinta, I: quinta, F: quinte, D: Quinte, NL: kwint, DK: kvint, S:
kvint, FI: kvintti.



See also
........



   *Note interval::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: figured bass,  Next: fingering,  Prev: fifth,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.126 figured bass
==================

ES: bajo cifrado, I: basso continuo, basso numerato, F: basse
chiffrée, basse continue, D: Generalbass, bezifferter Bass, NL: basso
continuo, becijferde bas DK: generalbas, S: generalbas, FI:
kenraalibasso, numeroitu basso.

   Also called `thorough bass'.

   A method of indicating an accompaniment part by the bass notes only,
together with figures designating the chief intervals and chords to be
played above the bass notes.

[image of music]



See also
........



   *Note chord::, *Note interval::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: fingering,  Next: flag,  Prev: figured bass,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.127 fingering
===============

ES: digitación, I: diteggiatura, F: doigté, D: Fingersatz, NL:
vingerzetting, DK: fingersætning, S: fingersättning, FI: sormitus.

   Figures to the side or above the note that methodically indicate
which fingers to use while playing a passage.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: flag,  Next: flageolet,  Prev: fingering,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.128 flag
==========

ES: corchete, I: coda (uncinata), bandiera, F: crochet, D: Fahne,
Fähnchen, NL: vlaggetje, DK: fane, S: flagga, FI: lippu, viiri.

   Ornament at the end of the stem of a note used for notes with values
less than a quarter note.  The number of flags determines the note
value.

     [image of music]



See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: flageolet,  Next: flat,  Prev: flag,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.129 flageolet
===============

ES: ?, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: flageolet-ääni.

   An articulation for string players that means the note or passage is
to be played in harmonics.

   Also:

   * A duct flute similar to the recorder.

   * An organ stop of flute scale at 1' or 2' pitch.



See also
........



   *Note articulation::, *Note harmonics::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: flat,  Next: forefall,  Prev: flageolet,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.130 flat
==========

ES: bemol, I: bemolle, F: bémol, D: B, NL: mol, DK: b, S: beförtecken,
FI: alennusmerkki.



See also
........



   *Note accidental::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: forefall,  Next: forte,  Prev: flat,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.131 forefall
==============



See also
........



   *Note appoggiatura::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: forte,  Next: fourth,  Prev: forefall,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.132 forte
===========

ES: forte, I: forte, F: forte, D: forte, laut, NL: forte, DK: forte, S:
forte, FI: forte, voimakkaasti.

   [Italian: `loud']

   Abbreviated f.  Variants include:

   * _mezzo forte_, medium loud (notated mf),

   * _fortissimo_, very loud (notated ff).


See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: fourth,  Next: Frenched score,  Prev: forte,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.133 fourth
============

ES: cuarta, I: quarta, F: quarte, D: Quarte, NL: kwart, DK: kvart, S:
kvart, FI: kvartti.



See also
........



   *Note interval::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: Frenched score,  Next: Frenched staff,  Prev: fourth,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.134 Frenched score
====================

ES: partitura a la francesa, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI:
partituuri francesan tapaan.

   A `condensed' score, produced by omitting staves for instruments
that are not playing at the moment, and by moving up additional systems
from following pages to take up the space thus liberated, which reduces
the total number of pages used to print the work.

   The specific rules for `frenching' a score differ from publisher to
publisher.  If you are producing scores for eventual publication by a
commercial publisher, you may wish to procure a copy of their style
manual.



See also
........



   *Note Frenched staff::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: Frenched staff,  Next: Frenched staves,  Prev: Frenched score,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.135 Frenched staff
====================

ES: pentagrama a la francesa, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI:
karsittu nuotinnus.

   [Pl. _Frenched staves_] Analogous to Frenched scores (_q.v_), a
Frenched staff has unneeded measures or sections removed.  This is
useful for producing, for example, an _ossia_ staff.



See also
........



   *Note ossia::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: Frenched staves,  Next: fugue,  Prev: Frenched staff,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.136 Frenched staves
=====================

Plural of *Note Frenched staff::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: fugue,  Next: functional harmony,  Prev: Frenched staves,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.137 fugue
===========

ES: fuga, I: fuga, F: fugue, D: Fuge, NL: fuga, DK: fuga, S: fuga, FI:
fuuga.



See also
........



   *Note counterpoint::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: functional harmony,  Next: G,  Prev: fugue,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.138 functional harmony
========================

ES: armonía funcional, I: armonia funzionale, F: étude des functions,
D: Funktionslehre, NL: functionele harmonie, DK: funktionsanalyse,
funktionsharmonik, S: funktionslära, FI: harmoniajärjestelmä.

   A system of harmonic analysis.

   It is based on the idea that, in a given key, there are only three
functionally different chords: tonic (T, the chord on the first note of
the scale), subdominant (S, the chord on the fourth note), and dominant
(D, the chord on the fifth note).  Others are considered to be variants
of the base chords.

   TODO: what does the `p' mean in Sp, Dp, Tp?

[image of music]



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: G,  Next: G clef,  Prev: functional harmony,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.139 G
=======

   * ES: sol

   * I: sol

   * F: sol

   * D: G, g

   * NL: g

   * DK: g

   * S: g

   * FI: G, g


See also
........



   *Note Pitch names::


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: G clef,  Next: glissando,  Prev: G,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.140 G clef
============

ES: clave de sol, I: chiave di sol, F: clef de sol, D: G-Schlüssel,
Violinschlüssel, NL: G-sleutel, DK: g-nøgle, S: g-klav, FI: G-avain.

   A clef symbol that indicates G above middle C.  Used on the first and
second note lines.  A digit 8 above the clef symbol indicates that the
notes must be played an octave higher while 8 below the clef symbol
indicates playing or singing an octave lower (used most frequently to
notate the tenor part in modern choral scores).

     [image of music]



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: glissando,  Next: grace notes,  Prev: G clef,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.141 glissando
===============

ES: glissando, I: glissando, F: glissando, D: Glissando, NL: glissando,
DK: glissando, S: glissando, FI: glissando, liukuen.

   Letting the pitch slide fluently from one note to the other.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: grace notes,  Next: grand staff,  Prev: glissando,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.142 grace notes
=================

ES: notas de adorno, I: abbellimenti, F: fioriture, D: Verzierungen,
Vorschläge, Vorschlagsnoten, NL: versieringen, DK: forsiringer, S:
ornament, FI: korunuotit.

   Notes printed in small types to indicate that their time values are
not counted in the rhythm of the bar.



See also
........



   *Note acciaccatura::, *Note appoggiatura::, *Note grace notes::,
*Note ornament::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: grand staff,  Next: grave,  Prev: grace notes,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.143 grand staff
=================

ES: sistema de piano, I: accolatura, F: accolade, D: Akkolade,
Klaviersystem, NL: piano systeem, DK: klaversystem, S: ackolad, böjd
klammer, FI: kaksoisnuottiviivasto.

   A combination of two staves with a brace.  Usually used for piano
music.



See also
........



   *Note brace::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: grave,  Next: gruppetto,  Prev: grand staff,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.144 grave
===========

ES: grave, I: grave, F: grave, D: Grave, Langsam, NL: grave, ernstig,
DK: grave, S: grave, FI: grave, raskaasti.

   [Italian] Slow, solemn.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: gruppetto,  Next: H,  Prev: grave,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.145 gruppetto
===============



See also
........



   *Note turn::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: H,  Next: hairpin,  Prev: gruppetto,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.146 H
=======

   * ES: si

   * I: si

   * F: si

   * D: H, h

   * NL: b

   * DK: h

   * S: h

   * FI: H, h

   Letter name used for B natural in German and Scandinavian usage.  In
the standard usage of these countries, B means B flat.



See also
........



   *Note Pitch names::, *Note B::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: hairpin,  Next: half note,  Prev: H,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.147 hairpin
=============

Graphical version of the crescendo and decrescendo dynamic marks.

     [image of music]



See also
........



   *Note crescendo::, *Note decrescendo::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: half note,  Next: half rest,  Prev: hairpin,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.148 half note
===============

   * UK: minim,

   * ES: blanca,

   * I: minima,

   * F: blanche,

   * D: Halbe, halbe Note,

   * NL: halve noot,

   * DK: halvnode,

   * S: halvnot,

   * FI: puolinuotti.


See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: half rest,  Next: harmonic cadence,  Prev: half note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.149 half rest
===============

   * UK: minim rest,

   * ES: silencio de blanca,

   * I: pausa di minima,

   * F: demi-pause,

   * D: halbe Pause,

   * NL: halve, rust,

   * DK: halvnodespause,

   * S: halvpaus,

   * FI: puolitauko.


See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: harmonic cadence,  Next: harmonics,  Prev: half rest,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.150 harmonic cadence
======================

ES: cadencia (armónica), I: cadenza (armonica), F: cadence harmonique,
D: Schlusskadenz, NL: harmonische cadens, DK: harmonisk kadence, S:
(harmonisk) kadens, FI: harmoninen kadenssi.

   A sequence of chords that terminates a musical phrase or section.

     [image of music]



See also
........



   *Note functional harmony::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: harmonics,  Next: harmony,  Prev: harmonic cadence,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.151 harmonics
===============

ES: sonidos del flautín, I: suoni flautati, F: flageolet, sons
harmoniques, D: Flageolett-Töne, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: harmoniset
äänet, huiluäänet.

   The general class of pitches produced by sounding the second or
higher harmonic of a tone producer: string, column of air, and so on.

   On stringed instruments, these pitches sound rather flute-like;
hence, their name in languages other than English.  They are produced by
lightly touching the string at a node for the desired mode of vibration
while it is being bowed or plucked.

   For instruments of the violin family, there are two types of
harmonics: natural harmonics, which are those played on the open
string; and artificial harmonics, which are produced on stopped strings.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: harmony,  Next: hemiola,  Prev: harmonics,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.152 harmony
=============

ES: armonía, I: armonia, F: harmonie, D: Harmonie, Zusammenklang, NL:
harmonie, DK: samklang, S: samklang, FI: harmonia, yhteissointi.

   Tones sounding simultaneously.  Two note harmonies fall into the
categories _consonances_ and _dissonances_.

   Consonances:

[image of music]

   Dissonances:

[image of music]

   For harmony that uses three or more notes, see *Note chord::.



See also
........



   *Note chord::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: hemiola,  Next: homophony,  Prev: harmony,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.153 hemiola
=============

ES: hemiolia, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: 3/2 -suhde.

   [Greek: in Latin, _sesquialtera_] The ratio 3:2.

   Most frequently, a proportion (_q.v._) of three notes of equal value
in the time normally occupied by two.  The resulting rhythm can be
expressed in modern terms as a substitution (for example) of a bar in
3/2 for one of 6/4, or of a bar in 3/4 for one of 6/8.  During the
Baroque era, hemiola is most frequently as a special effect (or
_affect_) at cadences.

   For example, this phrase in 6/4 time

[image of music]

   may be thought of having alternating time signatures

[image of music]

   and is therefore a polymeter (second definition) of considerable
antiquity.



See also
........



   *Note mensural notation::, *Note meter::, *Note polymeter::, *Note
proportion::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: homophony,  Next: hymn meter,  Prev: hemiola,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.154 homophony
===============

ES: homofonía, I: omofonia, F: homophonie, D: Homophonie, NL:
homofonie, DK: homofoni, S: homofoni, FI: homofonia, yksiäänisyys.

   Music in which one voice leads melodically supported by the other
voices in the same rhythm (more or less).  In contrast to _polyphony_.



See also
........



   *Note polyphony::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: hymn meter,  Next: interval,  Prev: homophony,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.155 hymn meter
================

ES: ?, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: säkeiden
tavumäärät.

   A group or list of numbers that indicate the number of syllables in
a line of a hymn's verse.  Different hymnals have different ways of
noting the hymn meter: for example, consider a hymn that has four lines
in two couplets alternating regularly between eight and seven
syllables.  The _English Hymnal_ notes this as 87. 87.  Other hymnals
may note it as 8787, 87.87, or 8 7 8 7.

   Some frequently-used hymn meters have traditional names:

   * 66.86 is called Short Meter (abbreviated SM or S.M.)

   * 86.86 is called Common Meter (CM or C.M.)

   * 88.88 is called Long Meter (LM or L.M.)

   Some hymns and their tunes are doubled versions of a simpler meter:
for easier reading, a hymn with a meter of 87.87.87.87 is usually
written 87.87D.  The traditional names above also have doubled versions:

   * 66.86.66.86 is Double Short Meter (DSM or D.S.M.)

   * 86.86.86.86 is Double Common Meter (DCM or D.C.M.)

   * 88.88.88.88 is Double Long Meter (DLM or D.L.M.)


See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: interval,  Next: inversion,  Prev: hymn meter,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.156 interval
==============

ES: intervalo, I: intervallo, F: intervalle, D: Intervall, NL: interval,
DK: interval, S: intervall, FI: intervalli, kahden sävelen korkeusero.

   Difference in pitch between two notes.  Intervals may be diminished,
minor, perfect, major, or augmented.  The augmented fourth and the
diminished fifth are identical (or _enharmonic_) and are called
_tritonus_ because they consist of three whole tones.  The addition of
such two intervals forms an octave.

[image of music]



See also
........



   *Note enharmonic::, *Note whole tone::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: inversion,  Next: inverted interval,  Prev: interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.157 inversion
===============

ES: ?, I: ?, F: inversion, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: käännös.

   When a chord sounds with a bass note that differs from the root of
the chord, it is said to be _inverted_. The number of inversions that a
chord can have is one fewer than the number of constituent notes.  For
example, triads (which have three constituent notes) can have three
positions, two of which are inversions:

"Root position"
     The root note is in the bass, and above that are the third and the
     fifth. A triad built on the first scale degree, for example, is
     marked I.

"First inversion"
     The third is in the bass, and above it are the fifth and the root.
     This creates an interval of a sixth and a third above the bass
     note, and so is marked in figured Roman notation as 6/3. This is
     commonly abbreviated to I6 (or Ib) since the sixth is the
     characteristic interval of the inversion, and so always implies
     6/3.

"Second inversion"
     The fifth is in the bass, and above it are the root and the third.
     This creates an interval of a sixth and a fourth above the bass
     note, and so is marked as I6/4 or Ic. Second inversion is the most
     unstable chord position.


See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: inverted interval,  Next: just intonation,  Prev: inversion,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.158 inverted interval
=======================

ES: intervalo invertido, I: intervallo rivolto, F: intervalle reversé,
D: umgekehrtes Intervall, NL: interval inversie, DK: omvendingsinterval,
S: intervallets omvändning, FI: käänteisintervalli.

   The difference between an interval and an octave.

[image of music]



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: just intonation,  Next: key,  Prev: inverted interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.159 just intonation
=====================

ES: entonación justa, I: intonazione giusta, F: intonation juste, D:
reine Stimmung, NL: reine stemming, DK: ren stemning, S: ren stämning,
FI: puhdas viritys.

   Tuning system in which the notes are obtained by adding and
subtracting natural fifths and thirds.



See also
........



   *Note temperament::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: key,  Next: key signature,  Prev: just intonation,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.160 key
=========

ES: tonalidad, I: tonalit� , F: tonalité, D: Tonart, NL: toonsoort,
DK: toneart, S: tonart, FI: tonaliteetti.

   According to the 12 tones of the _chromatic scale_ there are
12 keys, one on c, one on c-sharp, etc.



See also
........



   *Note chromatic scale::, *Note key signature::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: key signature,  Next: laissez vibrer,  Prev: key,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.161 key signature
===================

ES: armadura (de la clave), I: armatura di chiave, F: armure, armature
[de la clé], D: Vorzeichen, Tonart, NL: toonsoort (voortekens), DK:
faste fortegn, S: tonartssignatur, FI: sävellajiosoitus.

   The sharps or flats appearing at the beginning of each staff
indicating the key of the music.



See also
........



   *Note accidental::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: laissez vibrer,  Next: largo,  Prev: key signature,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.162 laissez vibrer
====================

ES: dejar vibrar, I: ?, F: laissez vibrer, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?,
FI: antaa väristä.

   [French: `Let vibrate']  Most frequently associated with harp parts.
Marked l.v. in the score.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: largo,  Next: leading note,  Prev: laissez vibrer,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.163 largo
===========

ES: largo, I: largo, F: largo, D: Largo, Langsam, Breit, NL: largo, DK:
largo, S: largo, FI: largo, hitaasti, leveästi.

   [Italian: `wide'.] Very slow in tempo, usually combined with great
expressiveness. _Larghetto_ is less slow than largo.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: leading note,  Next: ledger line,  Prev: largo,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.164 leading note
==================

ES: sensible, I: sensibile, F: note sensible, D: Leitton, NL: leidtoon,
DK: ledetone, S: ledton, FI: johtosävel.

   The seventh _scale degree_, a _semitone_ below the tonic; so called
because of its strong tendency to `lead up' (resolve upwards) to the
tonic scale degree.



See also
........



   *Note scale degree::, *Note semitone::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ledger line,  Next: legato,  Prev: leading note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.165 ledger line
=================

ES: línea adicional, I: tagli addizionali, F: ligne supplémentaire,
D: Hilfslinie, NL: hulplijntje, DK: hjælpelinie, S: hjälplinje, FI:
apuviiva.

   A ledger line is an extension of the staff.

     [image of music]



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: legato,  Next: legato curve,  Prev: ledger line,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.166 legato
============

ES: legato, I: legato, F: legato, lié, D: legato, gebunden, NL: legato,
DK: legato, S: legato, FI: legato, sitoen.

   To be performed (a) without any perceptible interruption between the
notes, unlike (b) leggiero or non-legato, (c) portato, or (d) staccato.

[image of music]



See also
........



   *Note staccato::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: legato curve,  Next: leger line,  Prev: legato,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.167 legato curve
==================



See also
........



   *Note slur::, *Note legato::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: leger line,  Next: ligature,  Prev: legato curve,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.168 leger line
================



See also
........



   *Note ledger line::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ligature,  Next: lilypond,  Prev: leger line,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.169 ligature
==============

ES: ligadura, I: ?, F: ligature, DE: Ligatur, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI:
ligatuura.

   A ligature is a coherent graphical symbol that represents at least
two distinct notes.  Ligatures originally appeared in the manuscripts of
Gregorian chant notation around the 9th century to denote ascending or
descending sequences of notes.  In early notation, ligatures were used
for monophonic tunes (Gregorian chant) and very soon denoted also the
way of performance in the sense of articulation.  With the invention of
the metric system of the white mensural notation, the need for
ligatures to denote such patterns disappeared.



See also
........



   *Note mensural notation::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: lilypond,  Next: line,  Prev: ligature,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.170 lilypond
==============

UK: lily pond, ES: estanque de nenúfares, I: stagno del giglio, F:
étang de nénuphars, étang de nymphéas, D: Seerosenteich, NL:
lelievijver, DK: liliedam, S: liljedamm, FI: liljalampi.

   A pond with lilies floating in it.

   Also, the name of a music typesetting program.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: line,  Next: loco,  Prev: lilypond,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.171 line
==========

ES: línea, I: linea, F: ligne, D: Linie, Notenlinie, NL: lijn, DK:
nodelinie, S: notlinje, FI: viiva, nuottiviiva.



See also
........



   *Note staff::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: loco,  Next: long appoggiatura,  Prev: line,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.172 loco
==========

ES: en su lugar, I: loco, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI:
kirjoitetussa äänenkorkeudessa.

   [Italian: `place']  Instruction to play the following passage at the
written pitch.  Cancels octave mark (q.v.).



See also
........



   *Note octave mark::, *Note octave marking::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: long appoggiatura,  Next: longa,  Prev: loco,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.173 long appoggiatura
=======================

ES: apoyatura larga, I: appoggiatura lunga, F: appoggiature longue, D:
Vorhalt, NL: Lange voorslag, DK: langt forslag, S: långt förslag, FI:
pitkä appoggiatura, pitkä etuhele.



See also
........



   *Note appoggiatura::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: longa,  Next: lyric tie,  Prev: long appoggiatura,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.174 longa
===========

   * US: long, longa,

   * ES: longa,

   * I: longa,

   * F: longa,

   * D: Longa,

   * NL: longa,

   * DK: longa,

   * S: longa,

   * FI: longa.

   Note value: twice the length of a breve.

     [image of music]



See also
........



   *Note breve::, *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: lyric tie,  Next: lyrics,  Prev: longa,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.175 lyric tie
===============

ES: ligadura de letra, I: ?, F: ?, D: Textbindung, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?,
FI: sidonta sanoituksessa.



See also
........



   *Note elision::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: lyrics,  Next: major,  Prev: lyric tie,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.176 lyrics
============

ES: letra (de la canción), I: ?, F: paroles, D: Liedtext, Gesangtext,
NL: liedtekst, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: sanoitus.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: major,  Next: major interval,  Prev: lyrics,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.177 major
===========

ES: mayor, I: maggiore, F: [mode] majeur, D: Dur, NL: majeur, DK: dur,
S: dur, FI: duuri.



See also
........



   *Note diatonic scale::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: major interval,  Next: maxima,  Prev: major,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.178 major interval
====================

ES: intervalo mayor, I: intervallo maggiore, F: intervalle majeur, D:
großes Intervall, NL: groot interval, DK: stort interval, S: stort
intervall, FI: suuri intervalli.



See also
........



   *Note interval::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: maxima,  Next: meantone temperament,  Prev: major interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.179 maxima
============

ES: ?, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: ?.

   Note value: twice the length of a longa.

   The maxima is the largest duration in use during the 15th and 16th
centuries.  Like the longa, the maxima can be either two or three times
as long as the longa (called binary and ternary, respectively).  By the
late 15th century, most composers used the smaller proportion by
default.



See also
........



   *Note Duration names notes and rests::, *Note longa::, *Note note
value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: meantone temperament,  Next: measure,  Prev: maxima,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.180 meantone temperament
==========================

ES: afinación mesotónica, I: accordatura mesotonica, F: tempérament
mésotonique, D: mitteltönige Stimmung, NL: middenstemming,
middentoonstemming, DK: middeltonetemperatur, S: medeltonstemperatur,
FI: keskisävelviritys.

   Temperament yielding acoustically pure thirds by decreasing the
natural fifth by 16 cents.  Due to the non-circular character of this
temperament only a limited set of keys are playable.  Used for tuning
keyboard instruments for performance of pre-1650 music.



See also
........



   *Note cent::, *Note temperament::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: measure,  Next: measure repeat,  Prev: meantone temperament,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.181 measure
=============

ES: compás, I: misura, battuta, F: mesure, D: Takt, NL: maat, DK: takt,
S: takt, FI: tahti.

   A group of beats (units of musical time) the first of which bears an
accent.  Such groups in numbers of two or more recur consistently
throughout the composition and are separated from each other by bar
lines.



See also
........



   *Note bar line::, *Note beat::, *Note meter::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: measure repeat,  Next: mediant,  Prev: measure,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.182 measure repeat
====================



See also
........



   *Note percent repeat::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: mediant,  Next: melisma,  Prev: measure repeat,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.183 mediant
=============

ES: mediante, I: mediante, modale, F: médiante, NL: mediant, D:
Mediante, DK: mediant, S: mediant, FI: keskisävel.

   * The third scale degree.

   * A _chord_ having its base tone a third from that of another chord.
     For example, the tonic chord may be replaced by its lower mediant
     (variant tonic).



See also
........



   *Note chord::, *Note functional harmony::, *Note relative key::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: melisma,  Next: melisma line,  Prev: mediant,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.184 melisma
=============

ES: melisma, I: ?, F: mélisme, D: Melisma, NL: melisma, DK: ?, S: ?,
FI: melisma, laulettavan tavun sävelkuvio.

   A melisma (Greek: plural _melismata_) is a group of notes or tones
sung on one syllable, especially as applied to liturgical chant.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: melisma line,  Next: melodic cadence,  Prev: melisma,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.185 melisma line
==================

ES: línea de melisma, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI:
melismaviiva.



See also
........



   *Note extender line::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: melodic cadence,  Next: mensural notation,  Prev: melisma line,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.186 melodic cadence
=====================



See also
........



   *Note cadenza::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: mensural notation,  Next: mensuration sign,  Prev: melodic cadence,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.187 mensural notation
=======================

ES: notación mensural, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI:
mensuraalinuotinnus.

   A system of duration notation whose principles were first
established in the mid-13th century, and that (with various changes)
remained in use until about 1600.  As such, it is the basis for the
notation of rhythms in Western musical notation.

   Franco of Cologne (ca. 1250) is credited with the first systematic
explanation of the notation's principles, so the notation of this
earliest period is called `Franconian'.  Franco's system made use of
three note values - long, breve, and semibreve - each of which was
normally equivalent to three of the next lower note value.

   Then, in the first half of the 14th century, Philippe de Vitry and
Jehan de Murs added several note values (the minim, semiminim and fusa)
and extended Franco's principles to govern the relationship between
these values.  They also put the duple division of note values on an
equal footing with the earlier (preferred) triple division.

   TODO: continue description of French and Italian black notation, and
the relationship betwixt them.

   White or void mensural notation

   In the 15th century, hollow (or void) notes began to substitute for
the earlier solid black ones, which were then free to assume the
function of red (or colored) notes in the earlier notation.  ...

   TODO: add to definition (including summary info on proportional
notation)



See also
........



   *Note augmentation::, *Note diminution::, *Note ligature::, *Note
proportion::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: mensuration sign,  Next: meter,  Prev: mensural notation,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.188 mensuration sign
======================

ES: ?, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: ?.

   The ancestor of the time signature, mensuration signs were used to
indicate the relationship between two sets of note
durations—specifically, the ratio of breves to semibreves (called
tempus), and of semibreves to minims (called prolatio).

   Each ratio was represented with a single single sign, and was either
three-to-one (ternary) or two-to-one (binary), as in modern music
notation.  Unlike modern music notation, the _ternary_ ratio was the
preferred one—applied to the _tempus_, it was called _perfect_, and
was represented by a complete circle; applied to the _prolatio_, it was
called _major_ and was represented by a dot in the middle of the sign.
The binary ratio applied to the _tempus_ was called _imperfect_, and was
represented by an incomplete circle; applied to _prolatio_, it was
called _minor_ and was represented by the lack of an internal dot.
There are four possible combinations, which can be represented in
modern time signatures with and without reduction of note values.
(These signs are hard-coded in LilyPond with reduction.)

"perfect _tempus_ with major _prolatio_"
     Indicated by a complete circle with an internal dot.  In modern
     time signatures, this equals:
        * 9/4, with reduction or

        * 9/2, without reduction

"perfect _tempus_ and minor _prolatio_"
     Indicated by a complete circle without an internal dot.  In modern
     time signatures, this equals:
        * 3/2, with reduction or

        * 3/1, without reduction

"imperfect _tempus_ and major _prolatio_"
     Indicated by an incomplete circle with an internal dot.  In modern
     time signatures, this equals:
        * 6/4, with reduction or

        * 6/2, without reduction

"imperfect _tempus_ and minor _prolatio_"
     Indicated by an incomplete circle without an internal dot.  In
     modern time signatures, this equals:
        * 4/4, with reduction or

        * 2/1, without reduction

   The last mensuration sign _looks_ like common-time because it _is_,
with note values reduced from the original semibreve to a modern
quarter note.  Being doubly imperfect, this sign represented the
(theoretically) least-preferred mensuration, but it was actually used
fairly often.

   This system extended to the ratio of longer note values to each
other:

   * maxima to longa, called:

        * modus maximorum,

        * modus major, or

        * maximodus)


   * longa to breve, called:

        * modus longarum,

        * modus minor, or

        * modus



   In the absence of any other indication, these modes were assumed to
be binary.  The mensuration signs only indicated tempus and prolatio, so
composers needed another way to indicate these longer ratios (called
modes.  Around the middle of the 15th century started to use groups of
rests at the beginning of the staff, preceding the mensuration sign.

   Two mensuration signs have survived to the present day: the C-shaped
sign, which originally designated tempus imperfectum and prolatio minor
now stands for common time; and the slashed C, which designated the
same with diminution now stands for cut-time (essentially, it has not
lost its original meaning).



See also
........



   *Note diminution::, *Note proportion::, *Note time signature::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: meter,  Next: metronome,  Prev: mensuration sign,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.189 meter
===========

ES: tiempo, compás, I: tempo, misura, F: indication de mesure, mesure,
D: Taktart, Metrum, NL: maatsoort, DK: taktart, S: taktart, FI:
aika-arvo.

   The pattern of note values and accents in a composition or a section
thereof.  There are a couple ways to classify `traditional' meter (i.e.
not polymeter): by grouping beats and by subdividing the primary beat.

   By grouping beats:

   * duple: groups of two.

   * triple: groups of three.

   * quadruple: groups of four.  A special case of duple meter.

   * quintuple: groups of five beats.

   * sextuple meter: groups of six.  A special case of:

        * duple meter, subdivided in three; or

        * triple meter, subdivided in two.


   * septuple meter: groups of seven.

   * and so on.


   Other than triple meter and its subdivided variants (see below),
meters that feature odd groupings of beats (e.g. quintuple or septuple
meter) are not frequently used prior to the 20th Century.

   By subdividing the primary beat:

   * simple: subdivided in groups of two.

        * duple: 2/2, 2/4, 2/8

        * triple: 3/2, 3/4, 3/8

        * quadruple: 4/2, 4/4 (also called common time), 4/8


   * compound: subdivided in groups of three.

        * duple: 6/8

        * triple: 9/8

        * quadruple: 12/8



   Time signatures are placed at the beginning of a composition (or
section) to indicate the meter.  For instance, a piece written in
simple triple meter with a beat on each quarter note is conventionally
written with a time signature of 3/4.  Here are some combinations of
the two classifications above:

   Simple duple meter (F.J. Haydn, 1732-1809; or a Croatian folk tune):

[image of music]

   Simple triple meter:

[image of music]

   Simple quadruple meter (French folk tune, _Au clair de la lune_):

[image of music]

   Simple quintuple meter (B. Marcello, 1686-1739):

[image of music]

   (Aside: this is an example of _Augenmusik_: the accidentals are thus
in the source, with sharps in the accompaniment where the voice has
flats and _vice versa_.)

   Compound duple meter (unknown):

[image of music]

   Compound triple meter (J.S. Bach, 1685-1750):

[image of music]

   Compound quadruple meter (P. Yon, 1886-1943):

[image of music]

   `Monometer' vs Polymeter

   TODO: add information from discussion on lilypond-user related to
polymeter.



See also
........



   *Note accent::, *Note hemiola::, *Note note value::, *Note time
signature::


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: metronome,  Next: metronome mark,  Prev: meter,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.190 metronome
===============

ES: metrónomo, I: metronomo, F: métronome, D: Metronom, NL: metronoom,
DK: metronom, S: metronom, FI: metronomi.

   Device used to indicate the exact tempo of a piece.

   Invented ca. 1812 by Dietrich Nikolaus Winkler of Amsterdam, but
takes its name from Johann Nepomuk Mälzel, who copied the device,
added a scale of tempo divisions, and patented it as a `metronome'.
The inevitable lawsuit that followed acknowledged Winkler as the
creator, but by then Mälzel had already sold many of them, and people
had taken to calling it a Mälzel Metronome.



See also
........



   *Note metronome mark::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: metronome mark,  Next: metronomic indication,  Prev: metronome,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.191 metronome mark
====================

ES: indicación metronómica, I: indicazione metronomica, F: indication
métronomique, D: Metronomangabe, NL: metronoom aanduiding, DK:
metronomtal, S: metronomangivelse, FI: metronomiosoitus.

   Exact tempo indication (in beats per minute).  Abbreviated M.M. or
MM, which is short for Mälzels Metronom (or Mälzel's Mark, _anglice_).



See also
........



   *Note metronome::


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: metronomic indication,  Next: mezzo,  Prev: metronome mark,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.192 metronomic indication
===========================



See also
........



   *Note metronome mark::


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: mezzo,  Next: mezzo-soprano,  Prev: metronomic indication,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.193 mezzo
===========

ES: ?, I: mezzo, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: kohtalaisen, melko.

   [Italian: `medium']

   Used to qualify other indications, such as:

   * Dynamics
        * mezzo piano is `medium quiet' (that is, not as quiet as
          piano)

        * mezzo forte is `medium loud' (that is, not as loud as   forte)

   * Voice
        * Pitchwise, a mezzo-soprano's voice lies between that of
          contraltos and   sopranos



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: mezzo-soprano,  Next: middle C,  Prev: mezzo,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.194 mezzo-soprano
===================

ES: mezzosoprano, I: mezzo-soprano, F: mezzo-soprano, D: Mezzosopran,
NL: mezzosopraan, DK: mezzosopran, S: mezzosopran, FI: mezzosopraano.

   The female voice between soprano and contralto.



See also
........



   *Note soprano::, *Note contralto::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: middle C,  Next: minor,  Prev: mezzo-soprano,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.195 middle C
==============

ES: do central, I: do centrale, F: do central, D: eingestrichenes c,
NL: centrale c, DK: enstreget c, S: ettstruket c, FI: keski-C.

   First C below the 440 Hz A.

     [image of music]



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: minor,  Next: minor interval,  Prev: middle C,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.196 minor
===========

ES: menor, I: minore, F: mode mineur, D: Moll, NL: mineur, DK: mol, S:
moll, FI: molli.



See also
........



   *Note diatonic scale::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: minor interval,  Next: mixolydian mode,  Prev: minor,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.197 minor interval
====================

ES: intervalo menor, I: intervallo minore, F: intervalle mineur, D:
kleines Intervall, NL: klein interval, DK: lille interval, S: litet
intervall, FI: pieni intervalli.



See also
........



   *Note interval::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: mixolydian mode,  Next: mode,  Prev: minor interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.198 mixolydian mode
=====================



See also
........



   *Note diatonic scale::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: mode,  Next: modulation,  Prev: mixolydian mode,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.199 mode
==========

ES: modo, I: modo, F: mode, D: Kirchentonart, Modus, NL: modus, DK:
skala, S: modus, skala, FI: moodi, kirkkosävelasteikko.



See also
........



   *Note church mode::, *Note diatonic scale::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: modulation,  Next: mordent,  Prev: mode,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.200 modulation
================

ES: modulación, I: modulazione, F: modulation, D: Modulation, NL:
modulatie, DK: modulation, S: modulering, FI: modulaatio, sävellajin
vaihdos.

   Moving from one *Note key:: to another.  For example, the second
subject of a *Note sonata form:: movement modulates to the dominant key
if the key is major and to the *Note relative key:: if the key is minor.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: mordent,  Next: motif,  Prev: modulation,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.201 mordent
=============

I: mordente, F: mordant, D: Mordent, NL: mordent, DK: mordent, S:
mordent, FI: mordent, korukuvio.



See also
........



   *Note ornament::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: motif,  Next: motive,  Prev: mordent,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.202 motif
===========



See also
........



   *Note motive::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: motive,  Next: movement,  Prev: motif,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.203 motive
============

ES: motivo, I: inciso, F: incise, D: Motiv, NL: motief, DK: motiv, S:
motiv, FI: teema, sävelaihe.

   The briefest intelligible and self-contained fragment of a musical
theme or subject.

[image of music]



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: movement,  Next: multi-measure rest,  Prev: motive,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.204 movement
==============

ES: movimiento, I: movimento, F: mouvement, D: Satz, NL: deel, DK: sats,
S: sats, FI: osa.

   Greater musical works like *Note symphony:: and *Note sonata:: most
often consist of several - more or less - independent pieces called
movements.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: multi-measure rest,  Next: natural,  Prev: movement,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.205 multi-measure rest
========================

ES: compases de espera, I: pausa multipla, F: pause multiple, NL:
meermaats rust, D: mehrtaktige Pause, Kirchenpause, DK: flertaktspause,
S: flertaktspaus, FI: usean tahdin mittainen tauko.

   Multi-measure rests are conventionally typeset with a combination of
longa, breve and whole rests for shorter and a long horizontal bar for
longer spans of rest, with a number above to indicate the duration (in
measures) of the rest. The former style is called `Kirchenpausen' in
German, as a reminiscence of its use in Renaissance vocal polyphony.

     [image of music]



See also
........



   *Note longa::, *Note breve::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: natural,  Next: neighbor tones,  Prev: multi-measure rest,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.206 natural
=============

ES: becuadro, I: bequadro, F: bécarre, D: Auflösungszeichen, NL:
herstellingsteken, DK: opløsningstegn, S: återställningstecken, FI:
palautusmerkki.



See also
........



   *Note accidental::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: neighbor tones,  Next: ninth,  Prev: natural,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.207 neighbor tones
====================



See also
........



   *Note acciaccatura::, *Note appoggiatura::, *Note grace notes::,
*Note ornament::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ninth,  Next: non-legato,  Prev: neighbor tones,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.208 ninth
===========

ES: novena, I: nona, F: neuvième, D: None, NL: noon, DK: none, S: nona,
FI: nooni.



See also
........



   *Note interval::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: non-legato,  Next: note,  Prev: ninth,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.209 non-legato
================



See also
........



   *Note legato::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: note,  Next: note head,  Prev: non-legato,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.210 note
==========

ES: nota, I: nota, F: note, D: Note, NL: noot, DK: node, S: not, FI:
nuotti.

   Notes are signs by means of which music is fixed in writing.  The
term is also used for the sound indicated by a note, and even for the
key of the piano which produces the sound.  However, a clear
distinction between the terms tone and *Note note:: is strongly
recommended.  Briefly, one sees a note, and hears a tone.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: note head,  Next: note names,  Prev: note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.211 note head
===============

ES: cabeza, I: testa, testina, capocchia, F: tête de la note, D:
Notenkopf, NL: nootballetje, DK: nodehovede, S: nothuvud, FI: nuotin
pää.

   A head-like sign which indicates pitch by its position on a staff
provided with a clef, and duration by a variety of shapes such as
hollow or black heads with or without stems, flags, etc.  For
percussion instruments (often having no defined pitch) the note head may
indicate the instrument.



See also
........



   *Note clef::, *Note flag::, *Note staff::, *Note stem::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: note names,  Next: note value,  Prev: note head,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.212 note names
================



See also
........



   *Note Pitch names::


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: note value,  Next: octavation,  Prev: note names,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.213 note value
================

ES: valor (duración), I: valore, durata, F: durée, valeur (d'une
note), D: Notenwert, NL: nootwaarde, DK nodeværdi, S: notvärde, FI:
nuotin aika-arvo.

   Note values (durations) are measured as fractions—in modern usage,
one-half—of the next higher note value.  The longest duration in
current use is the breve (equal to two whole notes), but sometimes
(especially in music dating from the Baroque era or earlier) the longa
(four whole notes) or maxima (eight whole notes) may be found.

   As used in mensural notation, this fraction was more flexible: it
could also be one-third the higher note value.  Composers indicated
which proportions to use with various signs—two of which survive to
the present day: the C-shaped sign for common time, and the slashed C
for alla breve or cut-time.

[image of music]

[image of music]

   An augmentation dot after a note increases its duration by half; a
second dot increases it by half of the first addition (that is, by a
fourth of the original duration).  More dots can be used to add further
halved fractions of the original note value (1/8, 1/16, etc.), but they
are not frequently encountered.

[image of music]

   Alternatively note values may be subdivided by other ratios.  Most
common is subdivision by 3 (_triplets_) and 5 (_quintuplets_).
Subdivisions by 2 (_duplets_) or 4 (_quadruplets_) of dotted notes are
also frequently used.

[image of music]

[image of music]



See also
........



   *Note common time::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: octavation,  Next: octave,  Prev: note value,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.214 octavation
================



See also
........



   *Note octave marking::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: octave,  Next: octave mark,  Prev: octavation,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.215 octave
============

ES: octava, I: ottava, F: octave, D: Oktave, NL: octaaf, DK: oktav, S:
oktav, FI: oktaavi.

   The interval of an octave, sometimes abbreviated 8ve.

   For uses like all'ottava or 8va with an extender line or bracket, or
loco see octave marking.



See also
........



   *Note interval::, *Note octave marking::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: octave mark,  Next: octave marking,  Prev: octave,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.216 octave mark
=================

ES: indicación de octava, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI:
oktaavamerkki.

   The phrase, abbreviation, or other mark used (with or without an
extender line or bracket) to indicate that the music is to be played in
a different octave:

   * 15ma: play two octaves higher

   * 8va: play one octave higher

   * 8vb: play one octave lower

   * 8va (written below the passage): unusual, same as 8vb

   * 15vb: play two octaves lower

   * 15va (written below the passage): unusual, same as 15vb


   For longer passages, it may be more practical to mark the octave
change at the beginning with a phrase (see the list below for
examples), but without a bracket or extender line.  Then, when the
music returns to the written pitch, the octave change is cancelled with
the word loco (q.v.).

   To parallel the list above:

   * 15ma: alla quindicesima (alta)

   * 8va: all'ottava or ottava sopra

   * 8vb: all'ottava bassa, ottava sotto

   * 15vb: alla quindicesima (bassa)


   In the phrases above, quindicesima is sometimes replaced with
quindecima, which is Latin.

   The music on an entire staff can be marked to be played in a
different octave by putting a small 8 or 15 above or below the clef at
the beginning.  This octave mark can be applied to any clef, but it is
most frequently used with the G and F clefs.



See also
........



   *Note F clef::, *Note G clef::, *Note loco::, *Note octave marking::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: octave marking,  Next: octave sign,  Prev: octave mark,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.217 octave marking
====================

ES: a la octava, I: all'ottava, F: octaviation, D: Oktavierung, NL:
octaveren, DK: oktavering, S: oktavering, FI: oktaavamerkintä.

   The practice of marking music - an entire staff, a passage, etc. -
to indicate that it is to be played in a different octave.  If applied
to the clef at the beginning of the staff, all music on that staff is
to played at the indicated octave.

   For a list of the specific marks used, see *Note octave mark::.



See also
........



   *Note interval::, *Note loco::, *Note octave::, *Note octave mark::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: octave sign,  Next: ornament,  Prev: octave marking,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.218 octave sign
=================



See also
........



   *Note octave mark::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ornament,  Next: ossia,  Prev: octave sign,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.219 ornament
==============

ES: adorno, I: abbellimento, fioriture, F: agrément, ornement, D:
Verzierung, Ornament, NL: versiering, DK: forsiring, S: ornament, FI:
koru, hele.

   Most commonly used is the _trill_, the rapid alternation of a given
note with the diatonic *Note second:: above it.  In the music from the
middle of the 19th century and onwards the trill is performed with the
main note first while in the music from the preceding baroque and
classic periods the upper note is played first.

[image of music]

   Other frequently used ornaments are the _turn_, the _mordent_, and
the _prall_ (inverted mordent).

[image of music]



See also
........



   *Note acciaccatura::, *Note appoggiatura::, *Note grace notes::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ossia,  Next: part,  Prev: ornament,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.220 ossia
===========

ES: ossia, I: ossia, F: ossia, D: Ossia, NL: alternatief, DK: ossia, S:
ossia, FI: ossia, vaihtoehtoinen esitystapa.

   Ossia (otherwise) marks an alternative.  It is an added staff or
piano score, usually only a few measures long, which presents another
version of the music, for example for small hands.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: part,  Next: pause,  Prev: ossia,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.221 part
==========

ES: parte, I: voce, parte, F: partie, D: Stimme, NL: partij, DK: stemme,
S: stämma, FI: stemma, instrumenttiosuus.

   * In instrumental or choral music, the music for a single instrument
     or voice.

   * in contrapuntal music, a single melodic line in the contrapuntal
     web.



See also
........



   *Note counterpoint::


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: pause,  Next: pennant,  Prev: part,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.222 pause
===========



See also
........



   *Note fermata::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: pennant,  Next: percent repeat,  Prev: pause,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.223 pennant
=============



See also
........



   *Note flag::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: percent repeat,  Next: percussion,  Prev: pennant,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.224 percent repeat
====================

LilyPond-specific term to indicate the repetition of a musical
expression on a single staff, as opposed to the more usual definition
of repeat, which affects all parts.  The musical expression can be
anything from a single note or note pattern to one or more measures.
There are other names for this symbol:

   * simile mark

   * slash mark, or slash repeat

   * beat repeat

   * measure (or multi-measure) repeat


[image of music]



See also
........



   *Note repeat::, University of Vermont Music Dictionary
(http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/textr/Repeat.html).


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: percussion,  Next: perfect interval,  Prev: percent repeat,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.225 percussion
================

ES: percusión, I: percussioni, F: percussion, D: Schlagzeug,
Schlagwerk, NL: slagwerk, DK: slagtøj, S: slagverk, FI:
lyömäsoittimet.

   A family of musical instruments which are played on by striking or
shaking.  Percussion instruments commonly used in a symphony orchestra
are kettledrums (I: _timpani_, D: _Pauken_), snare drum, bass drum,
tambourine, cymbals, chinese gong (tam-tam), triangle, celesta,
glockenspiel, and xylophone.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: perfect interval,  Next: phrase,  Prev: percussion,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.226 perfect interval
======================

ES: intervalo justo, I: intervallo giusto, F: intervalle juste, D:
reines Intervall, NL: rein interval, DK: rent interval, S: rent
intervall, FI: puhdas intervalli.



See also
........



   *Note interval::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: phrase,  Next: phrasing,  Prev: perfect interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.227 phrase
============

ES: frase, I: frase, F: phrase, D: Phrase, NL: frase, zin, DK: frase,
S: fras, FI: fraasi, lause.

   A natural division of the melodic line, comparable to a sentence of
speech.



See also
........



   *Note caesura::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: phrasing,  Next: piano,  Prev: phrase,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.228 phrasing
==============

ES: fraseo, I: fraseggio, F: phrasé, D: Phrasierung, NL: frasering,
DK: frasering, S: frasering, FI: fraseeraus, jäsentäminen.

   The clear rendering in musical performance of the phrases of the
melody.  Phrasing may be indicated by a slur.



See also
........



   *Note phrase::, *Note slur::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: piano,  Next: pickup,  Prev: phrasing,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.229 piano
===========

ES: piano, I: piano, F: piano, D: piano, leise, NL: piano, DK: piano,
S: piano, FI, piano, hiljaa.

   _piano_ (p) soft, _pianissimo_ (pp) very soft, _mezzo piano_ (mp)
medium soft.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: pickup,  Next: pitch,  Prev: piano,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.230 pickup
============

ES: anacrusa, I: anacrusi, F: anacrouse, levée, D: Auftakt, NL: opmaat,
DK: optakt, S: upptakt, FI: kohotahti.



See also
........



   *Note anacrusis::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: pitch,  Next: pizzicato,  Prev: pickup,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.231 pitch
===========

ES: altura, I: altezza, F: hauteur, D: Tonhöhe, NL: toonhoogte, DK:
tonehøjde, S: tonhöjd, FI: sävelkorkeus.

  1. The perceived quality of a sound that is primarily a function of
     its fundamental frequency.

  2. [FR. ton; DE. Ton; ES. tono] Any point on the continuum of musical
     pitch.

  3. [FR. diapason; DE. Kammerton, Stimmung; ES. diapasón] The
     standardized association of a particular frequency with a
     particular pitch name, e.g., c' = 256 Hz.



See also
........



   *Note Pitch names::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: pizzicato,  Next: polymeter,  Prev: pitch,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.232 pizzicato
===============

ES: pizzicato, I: pizzicato, F: pizzicato, D: pizzicato, NL: pizzicato,
getokkeld, DK: pizzicato, S: pizzicato, FI: pizzicato, näppäillen.

   A technique for stringed instruments, abbr. _pizz_.  To play by
plucking the strings.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: polymeter,  Next: polymetric,  Prev: pizzicato,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.233 polymeter
===============

ES: compás polimétrico, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI:
monia tahtiosoituksia sisältävä.

   * The _simultaneous_ use of two or more meters, in two or more parts.

   * The _successive_ use of different meters in one or more parts.



See also
........



   *Note polymetric:: (adj.)


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: polymetric,  Next: polymetric time signature,  Prev: polymeter,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.234 polymetric
================

ES: polimétrico, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: monia
tahtiosoituksia yhtäaikaa tai peräkkäin sisältävä.

   Characterized by _polymeter_: using two or more metric frameworks
simultaneously or in alternation.



See also
........



   *Note polymeter:: (noun)


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: polymetric time signature,  Next: polyphony,  Prev: polymetric,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.235 polymetric time signature
===============================

ES: compás polimétrico, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI:
vaihtelevan tahtiosoitusmerkintä.

   A time signature that indicates regularly alternating polymetric
time.



See also
........



   *Note polymetric::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: polyphony,  Next: portato,  Prev: polymetric time signature,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.236 polyphony
===============

ES: polifonía, I: polifonia, F: polyphonie, D: Polyphonie,
Mehrstimmigkeit, NL: polyfonie, DK: polyfoni, S: polyfoni, FI:
polyfonia, moniäänisyys.

   Music written in a combination of several simultaneous voices (parts)
of a more or less pronounced individuality.



See also
........



   *Note counterpoint::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: portato,  Next: presto,  Prev: polyphony,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.237 portato
=============

[Italian: past participle of _portare_, `to carry']

   A stroke in which each of several notes is separated slightly within
a slur, without changing the bow's direction. It is used for passages
of a cantabile character.



See also
........



   *Note legato::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: presto,  Next: proportion,  Prev: portato,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.238 presto
============

ES: presto, I: presto, F: presto, D: Presto, Sehr schnell, NL: presto,
Sehr schnell, DK: presto, S: presto, FI: presto, hyvin nopeasti.

   [Italian]

   Very quick, i.e., quicker than *Note allegro::; _prestissimo_
denotes the highest possible degree of speed.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: proportion,  Next: Pythagorean comma,  Prev: presto,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.239 proportion
================

ES: proporción, I: proprozione (?), F: proportion, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?,
S: ?, FI: suhde.

   [Latin: _proportio_] Described in great detail by Gaffurius, in
_Practica musicae_ (published in Milan in 1496).  In mensural notation,
proportion is:

  1. A ratio that expresses the relationship between the note values
     that follow with those that precede;

  2. A ratio between the note values of a passage and the `normal'
     relationship of note values to the metrical pulse.  (A special
     case of the first definition.)


   The most common proportions are:

   * 2:1 (or simply 2), expressed by a vertical line through the
     mensuration sign (the origin of the alla breve time signature), or
     by turning the sign backwards

   * 3:1 (or simply 3)

   * 3:2 (_sesquialtera_)

   To `cancel' any of these, the inverse proportion is applied.  Thus:

   * 1:2 cancels 2:1

   * 1:3 cancels 3:1

   * 2:3 cancels 3:2

   * and so on.

   Gaffurius enumerates five basic types of major:minor proportions and
their inverses:

  1. Multiplex, if the major number is an exact multiple of the minor
     (2:1, 3:1, 4:2, 6:3); and its inverse, Submultiplex (1:2, 1:3,
     2:4, 3:6)

  2. Epimoria or Superparticular [orig. _Epimoria seu
     Superparticularis_], if the major number is one more than the
     minor (3:2, 4:3, 5:4); and its inverse, Subsuperparticular (2:3,
     3:4, 4:5)

  3. Superpartiens, if the major number is one less than twice the minor
     (5:3, 7:4, 9:5, 11:6); and its inverse, subsuperpartiens (3:5,
     4:7, 5:9, 6:11)

  4. Multiplexsuperparticular, if the major number is one more than
     twice the minor (5:2, 7:3, 9:4); and its inverse,
     Submultiplexsuperparticular (2:5, 3:7, 4:9)

  5. Multiplexsuperpartiens, if the major number is one less than some
     other multiple (usually three or four) of the minor (8:3, 11:4,
     14:5, 11:3); and its inverse, Submultiplexsuperpartiens (3:8,
     4:11, 5:14, 3:11)


   He then continues to subdivide each type in various ways.  For the
multiplex proportions, for example, he indicates how many times greater
the major number is than the minor:

   * If two times greater, the proportion is _dupla_.  If inverted, it's
     called _subdupla_.  Examples: 2:1, 4:2, and 6:3.

   * If three, _tripla_; and its inversion, _subtripla_.  Example: 3:1,
     6:2, and 9:3.

   * If four, _quadrupla_; and its inversion, _subquadrupla_.  Example:
     4:1, 8:2, and 12:3


   Other proportions were possible, but whether they were frequently
used is another question:

   * 33:9, _triplasuperbipartientetertias_

   * 51:15, _triplasuperbipartientequintas_



See also
........



   *Note mensural notation::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: Pythagorean comma,  Next: quadruplet,  Prev: proportion,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.240 Pythagorean comma
=======================

ES: coma pitagórica, I: comma pitagorico, F: comma pythagoricien, D:
Pythagoräisches Komma, NL: komma van Pythagoras, DK: pythagoræisk
komma, S: pytagoreiskt komma, FI: pytagorinen komma.

   Originally, the interval by which the sum of six whole tones exceeds
the octave - (9:8)^6 - 2:1 = 531441:524288, or 23.5 cents.

   Modern acoustical theory defines it as the interval by which twelve
fifths exceed seven octaves.  To put it another way: A sequence of
fifths that starts on C eventually circles back to C.  However, this C
is 23.5 *Note cent::s higher than the C obtained by adding 7 octaves.
The difference between those two pitches is the Pythagorean comma.



See also
........



   *Note cent::, *Note temperament::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: quadruplet,  Next: quality,  Prev: Pythagorean comma,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.241 quadruplet
================

ES: cuatrillo, I: quartina, F: quartolet, D: Quartole, NL: kwartool,
DK: kvartol, S: kvartol, FI: kvartoli.



See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: quality,  Next: quarter note,  Prev: quadruplet,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.242 quality
=============

ES: ?, I: qualit�  (?), F: qualité (?), D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI:
laatu.

   The quality of a triad is determined by the precise arrangement of
its intervals.  Tertian triads can be described as a series of three
notes.  The first element is the root note (or simply `root') of the
chord, the second note is the `third' of the chord, and the last note
is the `fifth' of the chord. These are described below:

Chord name   Component intervals   Example   Symbol
--------------------------------------------------------------------- 
major triad  major third/perfect   C-E-G     C, CM, Cma, Cmaj, CΔ
             fifth                           
minor triad  minor third/perfect   C-E♭-G  Cm, Cmi, Cmin, C-
             fifth                           
augmented    major                 C-E-G♯  C+, C^+, Caug
triad        third/augmented fifth           
diminished   minor                 C-E♭-G♭Cm(♭5), Cº, Cdim
triad        third/diminished                
             fifth                           

   There are various types of seventh chords depending on the quality
of the original chord and the quality of the seventh added.

   Five common types of seventh chords have standard symbols. The chord
quality indications are sometimes superscripted and sometimes not (e.g.
Dm7, Dm^7, and D^m7 are all identical). The last three chords are not
commonly used except in jazz.



See also
........



   *Note chord::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: quarter note,  Next: quarter rest,  Prev: quality,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.243 quarter note
==================

   * UK: crotchet

   * ES: negra

   * I: semiminima, nera

   * F: noire

   * D: Viertel, Viertelnote

   * NL: kwartnoot

   * DK: fjerdedelsnode

   * S: fjärdedelsnot

   * FI: neljäsosanuotti


See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: quarter rest,  Next: quarter tone,  Prev: quarter note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.244 quarter rest
==================

   * UK: crotchet rest

   * ES: silencio de negra

   * I: pausa di semiminima

   * F: soupir

   * D: Viertelpause

   * NL: kwartrust

   * DK: fjerdedelspause

   * S: fjärdedelspaus

   * FI: neljäsosatauko


See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: quarter tone,  Next: quintuplet,  Prev: quarter rest,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.245 quarter tone
==================

ES: cuarto de tonno, I: ?, F: quart de ton, D: Viertelton, NL: kwart
toon, DK: ?, S: kvartston, FI: neljännessävelaskel.

   An interval equal to half a semitone.



See also
........



   *Note interval::


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: quintuplet,  Next: rallentando,  Prev: quarter tone,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.246 quintuplet
================

ES: cinquillo, quintillo.  I: quintina, F: quintolet, D: Quintole, NL:
kwintool, DK: kvintol, S: kvintol, FI: kvintoli.



See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: rallentando,  Next: relative key,  Prev: quintuplet,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.247 rallentando
=================

ES: rallentando, I: rallentando, F: rallentando, D: rallentando,
langsamer werden, NL: rallentando, DK: rallentando, S: rallentando, FI:
rallerdando, hidastuen.

   [Italian] A performance indication, abbreviated "rall.".



See also
........



   *Note ritardando::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: relative key,  Next: repeat,  Prev: rallentando,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.248 relative key
==================

ES: tono relativo, I: tonalit�  relativa, F: tonalité relative, D:
Paralleltonart, NL: paralleltoonsoort, DK: paralleltoneart, S:
parallelltonart, FI: rinnakkaissävellaji.

   Major and minor keys that have the same key signature.

[image of music]

[image of music]



See also
........



   *Note key::, *Note key signature::, *Note major::, *Note minor::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: repeat,  Next: rest,  Prev: relative key,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.249 repeat
============

ES: repetición, I: ritornello, F: barre de reprise, D: Wiederholung,
NL: herhaling, DK: gentagelse, S: repris, FI: toisto.

[image of music]



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: rest,  Next: rhythm,  Prev: repeat,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.250 rest
==========

ES: silencio, I: pausa, F: silence, D: Pause, NL: rust, DK: pause, S:
paus, FI: tauko.



See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: rhythm,  Next: ritardando,  Prev: rest,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.251 rhythm
============

ES: ritmo, I: ritmo, F: rythme, D: Rhythmus, NL: ritme, DK: rytme, S:
rytm, FI: rytmi.

   * Metrical rhythm in which every time value is a multiple or
     fraction of a fixed unit of time, called *Note beat::, and in
     which the normal *Note accent:: recurs in regular intervals,
     called *Note measure::.  The basic scheme of time values is called
     *Note meter::.

   * Measured rhythm which lacks regularly recurrent accent.  In modern
     notation such music appears as a free alternation of different
     measures.

   * Free rhythm, i.e., the use of temporal values having no common
     metrical unit (beat).



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ritardando,  Next: ritenuto,  Prev: rhythm,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.252 ritardando
================

ES: ritardando, I: ritardando, F: ritardando, D: ritardando, langsamer
werden, NL: ritardando, DK: ritardando, S: ritardando, FI: ritardando,
hidastuen,

   Gradually slackening in speed.  Mostly abbreviated to rit. or ritard.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ritenuto,  Next: scale,  Prev: ritardando,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.253 ritenuto
==============

ES: ritenuto, I: ritenuto, F: ritenuto, D: ritenuto, NL: ritenuto, DK:
ritenuto, S: ritenuto, FI: ritenuto, hidastaen.

   Immediate reduction of speed.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: scale,  Next: scale degree,  Prev: ritenuto,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.254 scale
===========

ES: escala, I: scala, F: gamme, D: Tonleiter, NL: toonladder, DK: Skala,
S: skala, FI: asteikko, sävelasteikko.



See also
........



   *Note diatonic scale::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: scale degree,  Next: scordatura,  Prev: scale,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.255 scale degree
==================

ES: grado (de la escala), I: grado della scala, F: degré [de la gamme],
D: Tonleiterstufe, NL: trap [van de toonladder], DK: skalatrin, S:
skalsteg (?), FI: sävelaste, asteikon sävel.

   Names and symbols used in harmonic analysis to denote tones of the
scale as roots of chords.  The most important are degrees I = tonic
(T), IV = subdominant (S) and V = dominant (D).

[image of music]



See also
........



   *Note functional harmony::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: scordatura,  Next: score,  Prev: scale degree,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.256 scordatura
================

ES: encordado, I: scordatura, F: �  cordes ravallées, D: Skordatur,
NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: epätavallinen viritys.

   [Italian: _scordare_, `to mistune']  Unconventional tuning of
stringed instruments, particularly lutes or violins.  Used to:

   * facilitate pitch combinations that would otherwise be difficult or
     impossible

   * alter the characteristic timbre of the instrument, for example, to
     increase brilliance

   * reinforce certain sonorities or tonalities by making them
     available on open strings

   * imitate other instruments

   * etc.


   Tunings that could be called SCORDATURA first appeared early in the
16th Century and became commonplace in the 17th.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: score,  Next: second,  Prev: scordatura,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.257 score
===========

ES: partitura, I: partitura, F: partition, D: Partitur (full score),
Klavierauszug (vocal score), NL: partituur, DK: partitur, S: partitur,
FI: partituuri.

   A copy of orchestral, choral, or chamber music showing what each
instrument is to play, each voice to sing, having each part arranged
one underneath the other on different staves *Note staff::.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: second,  Next: semibreve,  Prev: score,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.258 second
============

ES: segunda, I: secunda, F: seconde, D: Sekunde, NL: secunde, DK:
sekund, S: sekund, FI: sekunti.

   The interval between two neighboring tones of a scale.  A diatonic
scale consists of alternating semitones and whole tones, hence the size
of a second depends on the scale degrees in question.



See also
........



   *Note diatonic scale::, *Note interval::, *Note semitone::, *Note
whole tone::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: semibreve,  Next: semitone,  Prev: second,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.259 semibreve
===============

   * US: whole note,

   * ES: redonda,

   * I: semibreve,

   * F: ronde,

   * D: Ganze, ganze Note,

   * NL: hele noot,

   * DK: helnode,

   * S: helnot,

   * FI: kokonuotti.

   Note value: called whole note in the US.

   The semibreve is the basis for the tactus in mensural notation (i.e.
music written before ca. 1600).



See also
........



   *Note mensural notation::, *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: semitone,  Next: seventh,  Prev: semibreve,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.260 semitone
==============

ES: semitono, I: semitono, F: demi-ton, D: Halbton, NL: halve toon, DK:
halvtone, S: halvton, FI: puolisävel.

   The interval of a minor second.  The (usually) smallest interval in
European composed music.  The interval between two neighboring tones on
the piano keyboard - including black and white keys - is a semitone.
An octave may be divided into 12 semitones.

[image of music]



See also
........



   *Note interval::, *Note chromatic scale::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: seventh,  Next: sextolet,  Prev: semitone,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.261 seventh
=============

ES: séptima, I: settima, F: septième, D: Septime, NL: septiem, DK:
septim, S: septim, FI: septimi.



See also
........



   *Note interval::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: sextolet,  Next: sextuplet,  Prev: seventh,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.262 sextolet
==============



See also
........



   *Note sextuplet::, *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: sextuplet,  Next: shake,  Prev: sextolet,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.263 sextuplet
===============

ES: seisillo, I: sestina, F: sextolet, D: Sextole, NL: sextool, DK:
sekstol, S: sextol, FI: sekstoli.



See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: shake,  Next: sharp,  Prev: sextuplet,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.264 shake
===========



See also
........



   *Note trill::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: sharp,  Next: simile,  Prev: shake,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.265 sharp
===========

ES: sostenido, I: diesis, F: dièse, D: Kreuz, NL: kruis, DK: kryds, S:
korsförtecken, FI: korotusmerkki.



See also
........



   *Note accidental::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: simile,  Next: simple meter,  Prev: sharp,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.266 simile
============

ES: simile, I: simile, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: samoin.

   [Italian: `in the same manner'] Performance direction: the music
thus marked is to be played in the same manner (i.e. with the same
articulations, dynamics, etc.) as the music that precedes it.



See also
........



   TODO: Where else could I refer the reader?


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: simple meter,  Next: sixteenth note,  Prev: simile,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.267 simple meter
==================

ES: compás simple, compás de subdivisión binaria, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?,
NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: kaksijakoinen tahtiosoitus.

   A meter in which the basic beat is subdivided in two: that is, a
meter that does not include triplet subdivision of the beat.



See also
........



   *Note compound meter::, *Note meter::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: sixteenth note,  Next: sixteenth rest,  Prev: simple meter,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.268 sixteenth note
====================

   * UK: semiquaver

   * ES: semicorchea

   * I: semicroma

   * F: double croche

   * D: Sechzehntel, Sechzehntelnote

   * NL: zestiende noot

   * DK: sekstendedelsnode

   * S: sextondelsnot

   * FI: kuudestoistaosanuotti


See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: sixteenth rest,  Next: sixth,  Prev: sixteenth note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.269 sixteenth rest
====================

   * UK: semiquaver rest

   * ES: silencio de semicorchea

   * I: pausa di semicroma

   * F: quart de soupir

   * D: Sechzehntelpause

   * NL: zestiende rust

   * DK: sekstendedelspause

   * S: sextondelspaus

   * FI: kuudestoistaosatauko


See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: sixth,  Next: sixty-fourth note,  Prev: sixteenth rest,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.270 sixth
===========

ES: sexta, I: sesta, F: sixte, D: Sexte, NL: sext, DK: sekst, S: sext,
FI: seksti.



See also
........



   *Note interval::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: sixty-fourth note,  Next: sixty-fourth rest,  Prev: sixth,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.271 sixty-fourth note
=======================

   * UK: hemidemisemiquaver

   * ES: semifusa

   * I: semibiscroma

   * F: quadruple croche

   * D: Vierundsechzigstel, Vierundsechzigstelnote

   * NL: vierenzestigste noot

   * DK: fireogtredsindstyvendedelsnode

   * S: sextiofjärdedelsnot

   * FI: kuudeskymmenesneljäsosanuotti


See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: sixty-fourth rest,  Next: slash repeat,  Prev: sixty-fourth note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.272 sixty-fourth rest
=======================

   * UK: hemidemisemiquaver rest

   * ES: silencio de semifusa

   * I: pausa di semibiscroma

   * F: seizième de soupir

   * D: Vierundsechzigstelpause

   * NL: vierenzestigste rust

   * DK: fireogtredsindstyvendedelspause

   * S: sextiofjärdedelspaus

   * FI: kuudeskymmenesneljäsosatauko


See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: slash repeat,  Next: slur,  Prev: sixty-fourth rest,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.273 slash repeat
==================



See also
........



   *Note percent repeat::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: slur,  Next: solmization,  Prev: slash repeat,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.274 slur
==========

ES: ligadura (de expresión), I: legatura (di portamento or espressiva),
F: liaison, coulé, D: Bogen (Legatobogen, Phrasierungsbogen), NL:
fraseringsboog, legatoboog, streekboog, DK: legatobue, fraseringsbue,
S: båge, FI: kaari.

   A slur above or below a group of notes indicates that they are to be
played *Note legato::, e.g., with one stroke of the violin bow or with
one breath in singing.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: solmization,  Next: sonata,  Prev: slur,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.275 solmization
=================

ES: solmisación, I: solmisazione, F: solmisation, D: Solmisation, NL:
solmizatie, DK: solmisation, S: solmisation, FI: suhteelliset
laulunimet.

   General term for systems of designating the degrees of the scale,
not by letters, but by syllables (_do_ (_ut_), _re_, _mi_, _fa_, _sol_,
_la_, _si_ (_ti_)).



See also
........



   *Note scale::, *Note scale degree::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: sonata,  Next: sonata form,  Prev: solmization,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.276 sonata
============

ES: sonata, I: sonata, F: sonate, D: Sonate, NL: sonate, DK: sonate, S:
sonat, FI: sonaatti.

   In its present-day meaning a sonata denotes an instrumental
composition for piano or for some other instrument with piano
accompaniment, which consists of three or four independant pieces,
called movements.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: sonata form,  Next: song texts,  Prev: sonata,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.277 sonata form
=================

ES: forma sonata, I: forma sonata, F: [en] forme de sonate, D:
Sonatenform, NL: hoofdvorm, sonatevorm, DK: sonateform, S: sonatform,
FI: sonaattimuoto.

   A form used frequently for single movements of the _sonata_,
_symphony_, quartet, etc.  A movement written in sonata form falls into
three sections called exposition, development and recapitulation.  In
the exposition the composer introduces some musical ideas, consisting
of a number of themes; in the development section the composer
_develops_ this material, and in the recapitulation the composer
repeats the exposition, with certain modifications.  The exposition
contains a number of themes that fall into two groups, often called
first and second subject.  Other melodies occurring in each group are
considered as continuations of these two.  The second theme is in
another key, normally in the key of the dominant if the tonic is major,
and in the relative key if the tonic is minor.



See also
........



   *Note dominant::, *Note major::, *Note minor::, *Note relative
key::, *Note sonata::, *Note symphony::, *Note tonic::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: song texts,  Next: soprano,  Prev: sonata form,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.278 song texts
================



See also
........



   *Note lyrics::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: soprano,  Next: staccato,  Prev: song texts,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.279 soprano
=============

ES: soprano, I: soprano, F: soprano, D: Sopran, NL: sopraan, DK: sopran,
S: sopran, FI: sopraano, korkea naisääni.

   The highest female voice.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: staccato,  Next: staff,  Prev: soprano,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.280 staccato
==============

ES: picado, I: staccato, F: staccato, piqué, détaché, D: staccato,
NL: staccato, DK: staccato, S: staccato, FI: staccato, lyhyesti,
terävästi.

   Playing the note(s) short.  Staccato is indicated by a dot above or
below the note head.

     [image of music]



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: staff,  Next: staves,  Prev: staccato,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.281 staff
===========

UK: stave, ES: pentagrama, I: pentagramma, rigo (musicale), F: portée,
D: Notensystem, Notenzeile, NL: (noten)balk, partij, DK: nodesystem, S:
notsystem, FI: nuottiviivasto.

   A staff (plural: staves) is a series of (normally five) horizontal
lines upon and between which the musical notes are written, thus
indicating (in connection with a *Note clef::) their pitch.  Staves for
*Note percussion:: instruments may have fewer lines.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: staves,  Next: stem,  Prev: staff,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.282 staves
============



See also
........



   *Note staff::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: stem,  Next: stringendo,  Prev: staves,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.283 stem
==========

ES: plica, I: gamba, F: queue, D: Hals, Notenhals, Stiel, NL: stok, DK:
hals, S: skaft, FI: nuottipalkki.

   Vertical line above or below a *Note note head:: shorter than a
whole note.

     [image of music]



See also
........



   *Note beam::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: stringendo,  Next: strings,  Prev: stem,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.284 stringendo
================

ES: ?, I: stringendo, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: kiihdyttäen,
nopeuttaen.

   [Italian: `pressing']  Pressing, urging, or hastening the time, as
to a climax.



See also
........



   *Note accelerando::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: strings,  Next: strong beat,  Prev: stringendo,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.285 strings
=============

ES: arcos, cuerdas, I: archi, F: cordes, D: Streicher, NL: strijkers,
DK: strygere, S: stråkar, FI: jouset.

   A family of stringed musical instruments played with a bow.  Strings
commonly used in a symphony orchestra are violin, viola, violoncello,
and double bass.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: strong beat,  Next: subdominant,  Prev: strings,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.286 strong beat
=================

ES: tiempo fuerte, I: tempo forte, F: temps fort, D: betonter Taktteil
oder Taktschlag, NL: thesis, D: betonet taktslag, S: betonat taktslag,
FI: tahdin vahva isku.



See also
........



   *Note beat::, *Note accent::, *Note measure::, *Note rhythm::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: subdominant,  Next: submediant,  Prev: strong beat,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.287 subdominant
=================

ES: subdominante, I: sottodominante, F: sous-dominante, D: Subdominante,
NL: subdominant, DK: subdominant, S: subdominant, FI: subdominantti,
alidominantti.

   The fourth scale degree.



See also
........



   *Note functional harmony::, *Note scale degree::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: submediant,  Next: subtonic,  Prev: subdominant,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.288 submediant
================

ES: submediante, I: sopratonica, F: sous-médiante, D: Submediante, NL:
submediant, DK: Submediant, S: submediant, FI: alikeskisävel.

   The sixth scale degree.



See also
........



   *Note functional harmony::, *Note scale degree::, *Note
superdominant::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: subtonic,  Next: sul G,  Prev: submediant,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.289 subtonic
==============

ES: subtónica, I: sottotonica, F: sous-tonique, D: Subtonika, NL:
subtonica, DK: Subtonika, S: subtonika, FI: subtoonika, alitoonika.

   The seventh *Note scale degree::.



See also
........



   *Note functional harmony::, *Note scale degree::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: sul G,  Next: superdominant,  Prev: subtonic,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.290 sul G
===========

ES: sobre la cuerda de Sol, I: sul g, F: sur la G, D: auf G, auf der
G-Saite, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI: G-kielellä.

   Indicates that the indicated passage (or note) should be played on
the G string.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: superdominant,  Next: supertonic,  Prev: sul G,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.291 superdominant
===================

ES: superdominante, I: sopradominante, F: sus-dominante, D:
Superdominante, NL: superdominant, DK: superdominant, S: superdominant,
FI: ylidominantti.

   The sixth *Note scale degree::.



See also
........



   *Note functional harmony::, *Note scale degree::, *Note submediant::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: supertonic,  Next: symphony,  Prev: superdominant,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.292 supertonic
================

ES: supertónica, I: sopratonica, F: sus-tonique, D: Supertonika, NL:
supertonica, DK: supertonika, S: supertonika, FI: ylitoonika.

   The second *Note scale degree::.



See also
........



   *Note functional harmony::, *Note scale degree::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: symphony,  Next: syncopation,  Prev: supertonic,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.293 symphony
==============

ES: sinfonía, I: sinfonia, F: symphonie, D: Sinfonie, Symphonie, NL:
symfonie, DK: symfoni, S: symfoni, FI: sinfonia.

   A symphony may be defined as a _sonata_ for orchestra.



See also
........



   *Note sonata::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: syncopation,  Next: syntonic comma,  Prev: symphony,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.294 syncopation
=================

ES: síncopa, I: sincope, F: syncope, D: Synkope, NL: syncope, DK:
synkope, S: synkop, FI: synkooppi.

   Any deliberate upsetting of the normal pulse of *Note meter::, *Note
accent::, and *Note rhythm::.  The occidental system of musical rhythm
rests upon the grouping of equal beats into groups of two or three,
with a regularly recurrent accent on the first beat of each group.  Any
deviation from this scheme is felt as a disturbance or contradiction
between the underlaying (normal) pulse and the actual (abnormal) rhythm.

     [image of music]



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: syntonic comma,  Next: system,  Prev: syncopation,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.295 syntonic comma
====================

ES: coma sintónica, coma de Dídimo, I: comma sintonico (o didimico),
F: comma syntonique, D: syntonisches Komma, NL: syntonische komma, DK:
syntonisk komma, S: syntoniskt komma, FI: syntoninen komma, terssien
taajuusero luonnollisessa ja Pytagorisessa viritysjärjestelmässä.

   Named after Ptolemy's syntonic diatonic genus.  Originally, the
difference by which the ditone exceeds the pure major third obtained by
Pythagorean tuning - (9:8)^2 - 5:4 = 81:80, or 21.5 cents.

   Modern acoustical theory defines it as the interval by which four
fifths exceed the sum of two octaves plus a major third.  (3:2)^4 -
(2:1)^2 + (5:4)

   This comma is also known as the comma of Didymus, or didymic comma.



See also
........



   *Note Pythagorean comma::


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: system,  Next: temperament,  Prev: syntonic comma,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.296 system
============

ES: sistema, I: accollatura, F: système, D: Notensystem, Partitur, NL:
systeem, DK: system, S: system, FI: nuottijärjestelmä.

   The collection of staves (staff), two or more, as used for writing
down of keyboard, chamber, choral, or orchestral music.



See also
........



   *Note staff::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: temperament,  Next: tempo indication,  Prev: system,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.297 temperament
=================

ES: temperamento, I: temperamento, F: tempérament, D: Stimmung,
Temperatur, NL: stemming, temperatuur, DK: temperatur, S: temperatur,
FI: viritysjärjestelmä.

   Systems of tuning in which the intervals deviate from the
acoustically pure intervals.



See also
........



   *Note meantone temperament::, *Note equal temperament::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: tempo indication,  Next: tenor,  Prev: temperament,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.298 tempo indication
======================

ES: indicación de tempo, I: indicazione di tempo, F: indication de
tempo, D: Zeitmaß, Tempobezeichnung, NL: tempo aanduiding, DK:
tempobetegelse, S: tempobeteckning, FI: tempomerkintä.

   The rate of speed of a composition or a section thereof, ranging
from the slowest to the quickest, as is indicated by tempo marks as
largo, adagio, andante, allegro, and presto.



See also
........



   *Note adagio::, *Note allegro::, *Note andante::, *Note largo::,
*Note presto::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: tenor,  Next: tenth,  Prev: tempo indication,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.299 tenor
===========

ES: tenor, I: tenore, F: ténor, D: Tenor, NL: tenor, DK: tenor, S:
tenor, FI: tenori, korkea miesääni.

   The highest `natural' male voice (apart from countertenor).



See also
........



   *Note countertenor::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: tenth,  Next: tenuto,  Prev: tenor,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.300 tenth
===========

ES: décima, I: decima, F: dixième, D: Dezime, NL: deciem, DK: decim,
S: decima, FI: desimi.



See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: tenuto,  Next: third,  Prev: tenth,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.301 tenuto
============

ES: subrayado (tenuto), I: tenuto, F: tenue, tenuto, D: gehalten, tenuo,
NL: tenuto, DK: tenuto, S: tenuto, FI: viiva, tenuto.

   An indication that a particular note should be held for the whole
length, although this can vary depending on the composer and era.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: third,  Next: thirty-second note,  Prev: tenuto,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.302 third
===========

ES: tercera, I: terza, F: tierce, D: Terz, NL: terts, DK: terts, S:
ters, FI: terssi.



See also
........



   *Note interval::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: thirty-second note,  Next: thirty-second rest,  Prev: third,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.303 thirty-second note
========================

   * UK: demisemiquaver

   * ES: fusa

   * I: biscroma

   * F: triple croche

   * D: Zweiunddreissigstel, Zweiunddreissigstelnote

   * NL: tweeendertigste (32e) noot

   * DK: toogtredivtedelsnode

   * S: trettiotvåondelsnot

   * FI: kolmaskymmeneskahdesosanuotti


See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: thirty-second rest,  Next: thorough bass,  Prev: thirty-second note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.304 thirty-second rest
========================

   * UK: demisemiquaver rest

   * ES: silencio de fusa

   * I: pausa di biscroma

   * F: huitième de soupir

   * D: Zweiunddreissigstelpause

   * NL: tweeendertigste (32e) rust

   * DK: toogtredivtedelspause

   * S: trettiotvåondelspaus

   * FI: kolmaskymmeneskahdesosatauko


See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: thorough bass,  Next: tie,  Prev: thirty-second rest,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.305 thorough bass
===================



See also
........



   *Note figured bass::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: tie,  Next: time,  Prev: thorough bass,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.306 tie
=========

ES: ligadura de prolongación, ligadura de unión, I: legatura (di
valore), F: liaison, D: Haltebogen, Bindebogen, NL: overbinding,
bindingsboog, DK: bindebue, S: bindebåge, överbindning, FI: sitominen.

   A curved line, identical in appearance with the *Note slur::, which
connects two succesive notes of the same pitch, and which has the
function of uniting them into a single sound (tone) equal to the
combined durations.

     [image of music]



File: music-glossary.info,  Node: time,  Next: time signature,  Prev: tie,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.307 time
==========



See also
........



   *Note meter::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: time signature,  Next: tone,  Prev: time,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.308 time signature
====================

ES: indicación de compás, I: segni di tempo, F: chiffrage (chiffres
indicateurs), signe de valeur, indication de mesure, D: Taktangabe,
Angabe der Taktart, NL: maatsoort, DK: taktangivelse, S:
taktartssignatur, FI: tahtiosoitus.

   The sign placed at the beginning of a composition to indicate its
meter.  It most often takes the form of a fraction, but a few signs
derived from mensural notation and proportions are also employed.



See also
........



   *Note mensural notation::, *Note mensuration sign::, *Note meter::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: tone,  Next: tonic,  Prev: time signature,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.309 tone
==========

ES: tono, I: suono, F: ton, D: Ton, NL: toon, DK: tone, S: ton, FI:
ääni.

   A sound of definite pitch and duration, as distinct from _noise_.
Tone is a primary building material of music.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: tonic,  Next: transposing instrument,  Prev: tone,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.310 tonic
===========

ES: tónica, I: tonica, F: tonique, D: Tonika, NL: tonica, DK: tonika,
S: tonika, FI: toonika.

   The first scale degree.



See also
........



   *Note functional harmony::, *Note scale degree::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: transposing instrument,  Next: transposition,  Prev: tonic,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.311 transposing instrument
============================

ES: instrumento transpositor, I: ?, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, FI:
transponoitava soitin.

   Instruments whose notated pitch is different from their sounded
pitch.  Except for those whose notated and sounding pitches differ by
one or more octaves (to reduce the number of ledger lines needed), most
such instruments are identified by the letter name of the pitch class
of their fundamental.  The pitch class is the note that _sounds_
(disregarding the octave in which it sounds) when the instrument plays
a notated C.

   For example: when played on the B-flat clarinet, the note middle C
_sounds_ the B-flat one tone lower.  If played on the A clarinet, the
same written note sounds the A (one and half tones - a minor third -
lower).

   Not all transposing instruments include the pitch class in their
name:

   * English horn (in F)

   * Alto flute (in G)



See also
........



   *Note concert pitch::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: transposition,  Next: treble clef,  Prev: transposing instrument,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.312 transposition
===================

ES: transporte, I: trasposizione, F: transposition, D: Transposition,
NL: transpositie, DK: transposition, S: transponering, FI:
transponointi.

   Shifting a melody up or down in pitch, while keeping the same
relative pitches.

[image of music]

[image of music]



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: treble clef,  Next: tremolo,  Prev: transposition,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.313 treble clef
=================

ES: clave de sol, I: chiave di violino, F: clef de sol, D:
Violinschlüssel, Sopranschlüssel, NL: viool sleutel, DK:
diskantnøgle, S: diskantklav, FI: diskanttiavain.



See also
........



   *Note G clef::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: tremolo,  Next: triad,  Prev: treble clef,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.314 tremolo
=============

ES: trémolo, I: tremolo, F: trémolo, D: Tremolo, NL: tremolo, DK:
tremolo, S: tremolo, FI: tremolo.

   On stringed instruments:

  1. The quick reiteration of the same tone, produced by a rapid
     up-and-down movement of the bow.

  2. Or, the rapid alternation between two notes of a *Note chord::,
     usually in the distance of a third (*Note interval::).


     [image of music]



See also
........



   *Note strings::


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: triad,  Next: trill,  Prev: tremolo,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.315 triad
===========

ES: tríada, I: triade, F: triade, accord parfait, accord de trois sons,
D: Dreiklang, NL: drieklank, DK: treklang, S: treklang, FI: kolmisointu.



See also
........



   *Note chord::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: trill,  Next: triple meter,  Prev: triad,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.316 trill
===========

ES: trino, I: trillo, F: trille, tremblement, battement (cadence), D:
Triller, NL: triller, DK: trille, S: drill, FI: trilli.



See also
........



   *Note ornament::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: triple meter,  Next: triplet,  Prev: trill,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.317 triple meter
==================

ES: compás ternario, I: tempo ternario, F: mesure ternaire, D: in
drei, ungerader Takt, NL: driedelige maatsoort, DK: tredelt takt, S:
tretakt, FI: kolmijakoinen.



See also
........



   *Note meter::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: triplet,  Next: tritone,  Prev: triple meter,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.318 triplet
=============

ES: tresillo, I: terzina, F: triolet, D: Triole, NL: triool, DK: triol,
S: triol, FI: trioli.



See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: tritone,  Next: tuning fork,  Prev: triplet,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.319 tritone
=============

ES: tritono, I: tritono, F: triton, D: Tritonus, NL: tritoon, DK:
tritonus, S: tritonus, FI: tritonus.



See also
........



   *Note interval::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: tuning fork,  Next: tuplet,  Prev: tritone,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.320 tuning fork
=================

ES: diapasón, horquilla de afinación, I: diapason, corista, F:
diapason, D: Stimmgabel, NL: stemvork, DK: stemmegaffel, S: stämgaffel,
FI: viritysavain.

   A two-pronged piece of steel used to indicate an absolute pitch,
usually for _A_ above middle C (440 cps/Hz), which is the international
tuning standard.  Tuning forks for other pitches are available.



See also
........



   *Note middle C::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: tuplet,  Next: turn,  Prev: tuning fork,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.321 tuplet
============

A non-standard subdivision of a beat or part of a beat, usually
indicated with a bracket and a number indicating the number of
subdivisions.



See also
........



   *Note triplet::, *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: turn,  Next: unison,  Prev: tuplet,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.322 turn
==========

ES: grupeto (circular), I: gruppetto, F: grupetto, D: Doppelschlag, NL:
dubbelslag, DK: dobbeltslag, S: dubbelslag, FI: korukuvio.



See also
........



   *Note ornament::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: unison,  Next: upbeat,  Prev: turn,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.323 unison
============

ES: unísono, I: unisono, F: unisson, D: unisono, NL: unisono, DK:
unison, S: unison, FI: unisono, yksiäänisesti.

   Playing of the same notes or the same melody by various instruments
(voices) or by the whole orchestra (choir), either at exactly the same
pitch or in a different octave.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: upbeat,  Next: voice,  Prev: unison,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.324 upbeat
============

ES: anacrusa, I: anacrusi, F: anacrouse, levée, D: Auftakt, NL: opmaat,
DK: optakt, S: upptakt, FI: kohotahti.



See also
........



   *Note anacrusis::


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: voice,  Next: volta,  Prev: upbeat,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.325 voice
===========

ES: voz, I: voce, F: voix, D: Stimme, NL: stem, DK: stemme, S: stämma,
FI: ääni, lauluääni.

   * Human voices:

        * *Note soprano::

        * *Note mezzo-soprano::

        * *Note contralto::

        * *Note tenor::

        * *Note baritone::

        * *Note bass::

   * A melodic layer or part of a polyphonic composition.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: volta,  Next: weak beat,  Prev: voice,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.326 volta
===========

ES: vez, primera y segunda vez, I: volta, F: ?, D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S:
?, FI: yksi kertauksen maaleista.

   [Italian: `time' (instance, not duration)]  An ending, such as a
first or second ending.  LilyPond extends this idea to any number, and
allows any text (not just a number) - to serve as the volta text.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: weak beat,  Next: whole note,  Prev: volta,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.327 weak beat
===============

ES: tiempo débil, I: tempo debole, arsi, F: temps faible, D:
unbetonter Taktteil oder Taktschlag, NL: arsis, DK: ubetonet taktslag,
S: obetonat taktslag, FI: tahdin heikko isku.



See also
........



   *Note beat::, *Note measure::, *Note rhythm::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: whole note,  Next: whole rest,  Prev: weak beat,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.328 whole note
================

   * UK: semibreve

   * ES: redonda

   * I: semibreve

   * F: ronde

   * D: Ganze, ganze Note

   * NL: hele noot

   * DK: helnode

   * S: helnot

   * FI: kokonuotti


See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: whole rest,  Next: whole tone,  Prev: whole note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.329 whole rest
================

   * UK: semibreve rest

   * ES: silencio de redonda

   * I: pausa di semibreve

   * F: pause

   * D: ganze Pause, ganztaktige Pause

   * NL: hele rust

   * DK: helnodespause

   * S: helpaus

   * FI: kokotauko


See also
........



   *Note note value::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: whole tone,  Next: woodwind,  Prev: whole rest,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.330 whole tone
================

ES: tono (entero), I: tono intero, F: ton entier, D: Ganzton, NL: hele
toon, DK: heltone, S: helton, FI: kokoaskel.

   The interval of a major second.  The interval between two tones on
the piano keyboard with exactly one key between them - including black
and white keys - is a whole tone.



See also
........



   *Note interval::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: woodwind,  Prev: whole tone,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.331 woodwind
==============

ES: maderas, I: legni, F: les bois, D: Holzbläser, NL: houtblazers, DK
træblæsere, S: träblåsare, FI: puupuhaltimet.

   A family of blown wooden musical instruments.  Today some of these
instruments are actually made from metal.  The woodwind instruments
commonly used in a symphony orchestra are flute, oboe, clarinet,
saxophone, and bassoon.



See also
........



   No cross-references.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: Duration names notes and rests,  Next: Pitch names,  Prev: Musical terms A-Z,  Up: Top

2 Duration names notes and rests
********************************

Lang.     note name        rest name        note name        rest name
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
*US*      long             long rest        breve            breve rest
*UK*      longa            longa rest       breve            breve rest
*ES*      longa            silencio de      cuadrada         silencio de
                           longa                             cuadrada
*IT*      longa            pausa di longa   breve            pausa di breve
*FR*      longa            quadruple-pause  brève           double-pause
*DE*      Longa            longa Pause      Brevis           brevis Pause
*NL*      longa            longa rust       brevis           brevis rust
*DK*      longa            longanodespause  brevis           brevis(nodes)pause
*SE*      longa            longapaus        brevis           brevispaus
*FI*      longa-nuotti     longa-tauko      brevis-nuotti,   brevis-tauko,
                                            kaksoiskokonuottikaksoiskokotauko

Lang.     note name        rest name        note name        rest name
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
*US*      whole note       whole rest       half note        half rest
*UK*      semibreve        semibreve rest   minim            minim rest
*ES*      redonda          silencio de      blanca           silencio de
                           redonda                           blanca
*IT*      semibreve        pause di         minima           pausa di minima
                           semibreve                         
*FR*      ronde            pause            blanche          demi-pause
*DE*      ganze Note       ganze Pause      halbe Note       halbe Pause
*NL*      hele noot        hele rust        halve noot       halve rust
*DK*      helnode          helnodespause    halvnode         halvnodespause
*SE*      helnot           helpaus          halvnot          halvpaus
*FI*      kokonuotti       kokotauko        puolinuotti      puolitauko

Lang.     note name        rest name        note name        rest name
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
*US*      quarter note     quarter rest     eighth note      eighth rest
*UK*      crotchet         crotchet rest    quaver           quaver rest
*ES*      negra            silencio de      corchea          silencio de
                           negra                             corchea
*IT*      semiminima, nera pausa di         croma            pausa di croma
                           semiminima,                       
                           pausa di nera                     
*FR*      noire            soupir*          croche*          demi-soupir
*DE*      Viertelnote      Viertelpause     Achtelnote       Achtelpause
*NL*      kwartnoot        kwartrust        achtste noot     achtste rust
*DK*      fjerdedelsnode   fjerdedelspause  ottendedelsnode  ottendedelspause
*SE*      fjärdedelsnot   fjärdedelspaus  åttondelsnot    åttondelspaus
*FI*      neljäsosanuotti neljäsosatauko  kahdeksasosanuottikahdeksasosatauko

   * About the French naming system: _croche_ refers to the note's
"hook".  Therefore, from the eighth note on, the note names mean
`hook', `doubled hook', `trebled hook', and so on.

   The rest names are based on the _soupir_, or quarter rest.
Subsequent rests are expressed as fractions thereof: half a _soupir_, a
quarter of a _soupir_, and so on.

   Each of the following tables contains one type of note and its
matching rest, with abbreviations that apply to both notes and rests.
Just switch the part that means `note' with the part that means `rest',
for example:

   * English: 16th *note*, 16th *rest*

   * German: 32tel-*Note*, 32tel-*Pause*

   * Finnish: 64-osa*nuotti*, 64-osa*tauko*


   I put a dash `-' when I could not find a language-specific
abbreviation for a duration name.  If you know of one that I missed,
please send it to me, care of the lilypond-user discussion list.

Lang.   Note name                 Rest name                 Abbr.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
*US*    sixteenth note            sixteenth rest            16th note
*UK*    semiquaver                semiquaver rest           -
*ES*    semicorchea               silencio de semicorchea   -
*IT*    semicroma                 pausa di semicroma        -
*FR*    double croche             quart de soupir           -
*DE*    Sechzehntelnote           Sechzehntelpause          16tel-Note
*NL*    zestiende noot            zestiende rust            16e noot
*DK*    sekstendedelsnode         sekstendedelspause        -
*SE*    sextondelsnot             sextondelspaus            -
*FI*    kuudestoistaosanuotti     kuudestoistaosatauko      16-osanuotti

Lang.   Note name                 Rest name                 Abbr.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
*US*    thirty-second note        thirty-second rest        32nd note
*UK*    demisemiquaver            demisemiquaver rest       -
*ES*    fusa                      silencio de fusa          -
*IT*    biscroma                  pausa di biscroma         -
*FR*    triple croche             huitième de soupir       -
*DE*    Zweiunddreißigstelnote   Zweiunddreißigstelpause  32tel-Note
*NL*    tweeendertigste noot      tweeendertigste rust      32e noot
*DK*    toogtredivtedelsnode      toogtredivtedelspause     -
*SE*    trettiotvåondelsnot      trettiotvåondelspaus     -
*FI*    kolmaskymmeneskahdesosanuottikolmaskymmeneskahdesosatauko32-osanuotti

Lang.   Note name                 Rest name                 Abbr.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
*US*    sixty-fourth note         sixty-fourth rest         64th note
*UK*    hemidemisemiquaver        hemidemisemiquaver rest   -
*ES*    semifusa                  silencio de semifusa      -
*IT*    semibiscroma              pausa di semibiscroma     -
*FR*    quadruple croche          seizième de soupir       -
*DE*    Vierundsechzigstelnote    Vierundsechzigstelpause   64tel-Note
*NL*    vierenzestigste noot      vierenzestigste rust      64e noot
*DK*    fireogtredsindstyvendedelsnodefireogtredsindstyvendedelspause-
*SE*    sextiofjärdedelsnot      sextiofjärdedelspaus     -
*FI*    kuudeskymmenesneljäsosanuottikuudeskymmenesneljäsosatauko64-osanuotti

Lang.   Note name                 Rest name                 Abbr.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
*US*    one-hundred-twenty-eighth one-hundred-twenty-eighth 128th note
        note                      rest                      
*UK*    semihemidemisemiquaver    semihemidemisemiquaver    -
                                  rest                      
*ES*    garrapatea                silencio de garrapatea    -
*IT*    fusa                      pausa di fusa             -
*FR*    quintuple croche          trente-deuxième de       -
                                  soupir                    
*DE*    HundertachtundzwanzigstelnoteHundertachtundzwanzigstelpause128tel-Note
*NL*    honderdachtentwintigste   honderdachtentwintigste   128e noot
        noot                      rust                      
*DK*    hundredeotteogtyvendedelsnodehundredeotteogtyvendedelspause-
*SE*    hundratjugoåttondelsnot  hundratjugoåttondelspaus -
*FI*    sadaskahdeskymmeneskahdeksasosanuottisadaskahdeskymmeneskahdeksasosatauko128-osanuotti

Lang.   Note name                 Rest name                 Abbr.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
*US*    two-hundred-fifty-sixth   two-hundred-fifty-sixth   256th note
        note                      rest                      
*UK*    demisemihemidemisemiquaverdemisemihemidemisemiquaver-
                                  rest                      
*ES*    semigarrapatea            silencio de               -
                                  semigarrapatea            
*IT*    semifusa                  pausa di semifusa         -
*FR*    sextuple croche           soixante-quatrième de    -
                                  soupir                    
*DE*    ZweihundertsechsundfünfzigstelnoteZweihundertsechsundfünfzigstelpause256tel-Note
*NL*    tweehonderdzesenvijftigstetweehonderdzesenvijftigste256e noot
        noot                      rust                      
*DK*    tohundredeseksoghalvtredsendedelsnodetohundredeseksoghalvtredsendedelspause-
*SE*    tvåhundrafemtiosjättedelsnottvåhundrafemtiosjättedelspaus-
*FI*    kahdessadasviideskymmeneskuudesosanuottikahdessadasviideskymmeneskuudesosatauko256-osanuotti


See also
........



   *Note mensural notation::


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: Pitch names,  Prev: Duration names notes and rests,  Up: Top

3 Pitch names
*************

EN        ES              I            F            D     NL    DK    S      FI
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
*c*       do              do           ut           C     c     c     c      c
*c-sharp* do sostenido    do diesis    ut dièse    Cis   cis   cis   ciss   cis
*d-flat*  re bemol        re bemolle   ré bémol   Des   des   des   dess   des
*d*       re              re           ré          D     d     d     d      d
*d-sharp* re sostenido    re diesis    re dièse    Dis   dis   dis   diss   dis
*e-flat*  mi bemol        mi bemolle   mi bémol    Es    es    es    ess    es
*e*       mi              mi           mi           E     e     e     e      e
*f-flat*  fa bemol        fa bemolle   fa bémol    Fes   fes   fes   fess   fes
= e                                                                          
*f*       fa              fa           fa           F     f     f     f      f
*e-sharp* mi sostenido    mi diesis    mi dièse    Eis   eis   eis   eiss   eis
= f                                                                          
*f-sharp* fa sostenido    fa diesis    fa dièse    Fis   fis   fis   fiss   fis
*g-flat*  sol bemol       sol bemolle  sol bémol   Ges   ges   ges   gess   ges
*g*       sol             sol          sol          G     g     g     g      g
*g-sharp* sol sostenido   sol diesis   sol dièse   Gis   gis   gis   giss   gis
*a-flat*  la bemol        la bemolle   la bémol    As    as    as    ass    as
*a*       la              la           la           A     a     a     a      a
*a-sharp* la sostenido    la diesis    la dièse    Ais   ais   ais   aiss   ais
*b-flat*  si bemol        si bemolle   si bémol    B     bes   b     b      b
*b*       si              si           si           H     b     h     h      h

* Menu:

* Literature used::


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: Literature used,  Up: Pitch names

Literature used
===============

   * Apel, Willi, ed. `The Harvard Dictionary of Music'.  Cambridge:
     Belknap Press (Harvard University Press), 1944.

   * Krohn, Felix. `Lyhyt musiikkioppi'. Porvoo, Helsinki, Finland:
     WSOY, 1976.

   * Leuchtmann, Horst, ed. `Polyglottes Wörterbuch der musikalischen
     Terminologie'. Kassel, 1980.

   * Hornby, Albert Sydney. `Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of
     Current English', 3rd ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1974.

   * Porter, Noah. `Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary'.
     Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Company, 1913.

   * Randall, Don, ed. `The New Harvard Dictionary of Music'.
     Cambridge: Belknap Press (Harvard University Press), 1986.

   * Riemann, Hugo. `Musik-lexicon'. Berlin, 1929.




Local Variables:
coding: UTF-8
End:


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Node: allegro12087
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End Tag Table
