# Passwords and Keys Manual

2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009
Jacob Perkins and Adam Schreiber
Seahorse 项目

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. You can find a copy of the GFDL at this link or in the file COPYING-DOCS distributed with this manual.

本手册是在 GFDL 许可之下分发的 GNOME 手册集合的一部分。如果想要单独分发此手册，可以在手册中添加该许可证的一份副本然后分发，如该许可证的第 6 部分所述。

各个公司使用的许多用于区别它们产品和服务的名称都声明为商标。在所有的 GNOME 文档以及 GNOME 文档项目的成员中，这些名称都是以全大写字母或首字母大写显示，从而表明它们是商标。

DOCUMENT AND MODIFIED VERSIONS OF THE DOCUMENT ARE PROVIDED UNDER THE TERMS OF THE GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE WITH THE FURTHER UNDERSTANDING THAT:

1. DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES THAT THE DOCUMENT OR MODIFIED VERSION OF THE DOCUMENT IS FREE OF DEFECTS MERCHANTABLE, FIT FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGING. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY, ACCURACY, AND PERFORMANCE OF THE DOCUMENT OR MODIFIED VERSION OF THE DOCUMENT IS WITH YOU. SHOULD ANY DOCUMENT OR MODIFIED VERSION PROVE DEFECTIVE IN ANY RESPECT, YOU (NOT THE INITIAL WRITER, AUTHOR OR ANY CONTRIBUTOR) ASSUME THE COST OF ANY NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. THIS DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY CONSTITUTES AN ESSENTIAL PART OF THIS LICENSE. NO USE OF ANY DOCUMENT OR MODIFIED VERSION OF THE DOCUMENT IS AUTHORIZED HEREUNDER EXCEPT UNDER THIS DISCLAIMER; AND

2. UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES AND UNDER NO LEGAL THEORY, WHETHER IN TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), CONTRACT, OR OTHERWISE, SHALL THE AUTHOR, INITIAL WRITER, ANY CONTRIBUTOR, OR ANY DISTRIBUTOR OF THE DOCUMENT OR MODIFIED VERSION OF THE DOCUMENT, OR ANY SUPPLIER OF ANY OF SUCH PARTIES, BE LIABLE TO ANY PERSON FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY CHARACTER INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF GOODWILL, WORK STOPPAGE, COMPUTER FAILURE OR MALFUNCTION, OR ANY AND ALL OTHER DAMAGES OR LOSSES ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO USE OF THE DOCUMENT AND MODIFIED VERSIONS OF THE DOCUMENT, EVEN IF SUCH PARTY SHALL HAVE BEEN INFORMED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

Jacob
Perkins
Seahorse Project
Adam
Schreiber
Seahorse Project

    						sadam@clemson.edu

Paul
Cutler
GNOME Documentation Project

    						pcutler@foresightlinux.org

Seahorse 项目
GNOME 文档项目
Passwords and Keys Manual V2.11.0
May 2009

Paul Cutler pcutler@foresightlinux.org

Passwords and Keys Manual V0.10.1
August 2008

Adam Schreiber sadam@clemson.edu

Passwords and Keys Manual V0.9.1
November 2006

Milo Casagrande milo_casagrande@yahoo.it

Passwords and Keys Manual V0.9.0
July 2005

Adam Schreiber sadam@clemson.edu

Seahorse Project

Passwords and Keys Manual V0.7.0
February 2003

Jacob Perkins

Seahorse Project

This manual describes version 2.28.x of Passwords and Keys

## 反馈

To report a bug or make a suggestion regarding the Passwords and Keys application or this manual, follow the directions in the Gnome Feedback Page.

Passwords and Keys is the application for managing encryption keys for the GNOME Desktop

## 介绍

You can use Passwords and Keys to create and manage PGP and SSH keys.

Passwords and Keys provides a front end to many of the features of Gnu Privacy Guard (GPG) and integrates with multiple components of the GNOME desktop.

With Passwords and Keys you can:

- Create and manage PGP and SSH keys,

- Export and import PGP and SSH keys,

- Share your keys with others,

## 快速入门

### Starting Passwords and Keys

You can start Passwords and Keys in the following ways:

点 应用程序 菜单

  Choose Accessories Password and Keys .

命令行

  输入 `seahorse` 然后按 回车键。

### When You Start Passwords and Keys

When you start Passwords and Keys, the Password and Keys window is displayed.

#### The Passwords and Keys Window

Show the Passwords and Keys window.

The Passwords and Keys window contains the following elements:

菜单栏

  The menus on the menubar contain all of the commands that you need to perform tasks in Passwords and Keys.

工具栏

  在工具栏中可以快速访问常用的命令。

密钥和密码标签

  提供在密钥环中访问密钥和密码。

第一次进入的选项

  为首次进入的用户提供快速有用的访问操作，通过它您可以：

  - 浏览帮助，

  - 导入密钥到密钥环，

  - 创建新的密钥。

## 创建 OpenPGP 密钥

OpenPGP 是基于 PGP 公钥算法的非私有协议，用于加密电子邮件。它定义了加密信息、签名、私钥的标准格式，和交换公钥的证书。

公钥密码算法是包括两个密钥：一个是 公钥，您可以把它给任何交换信息的人，另一个是 私钥，必须要安全保管好。

To create OpenPGP keys:

1. Choose File New...

2. Select PGP Key and click Continue

3. Enter your full name (first - last), your e-mail address and any additional information. You can also specify advanced options for the key: see below.

4. Click Create to create the new key pair.

5. The Passphrase for New PGP Key dialog will open. Enter the passphrase twice for your new key.

当选择一个密码短语时，用几个简单的习惯语来生成一个强密码。密码和密码短语的主要区别在于，密码短语里可以使用空格。

### 高级选项

展开 高级密钥选项，可以为密钥指定下面的选项：

Encryption Type

  这一项指定生成密钥的加密算法。

  DSA 算法

    这是推荐的选项，可以根据需要进行加密、解密、签名和验证。

  DSA

    只允许签名。

  RSA

    只允许签名。

Key Strength (bits)

  这是密钥的位数，位数越长将会越安全，使用一个强的密码短语。当然，用一个长的密钥将会使操作花费更多的时间，合适的值在 1024 - 4096 之间，推荐至少2048位。

Expiration Date

  This is the date at which the key will cease to be usable for performing encryption or signing operations. 6 months is a reasonable time to set it to. You will have to either change the expiration date or generate a new key or subkey after this amount of time passes.

  Sign your new key with your old one before it expires to preserve your trust status.

## 创建 SSH 密钥

安全 Shell(SSH)，是登录远程计算机并执行命令的一种方法。SSH 密钥用于基于密钥验证系统中，作为默认密码验证系统的替代。对于基于密钥验证，不需要手动输入密码来验证。

SSH 密钥制作两个密钥：一个是 私钥，必须要安全保管，另一个是 公钥，可以上传到你要访问的任何一台计算机。

创建 SSH 密钥：

1. 点菜单 文件新建...

2. 选择 SSH 密钥，然后点 继续

3. 输入密钥的用途描述，您可以使用电子邮件地址或其他提示语，您也可以为此密钥设定以下高级选项：

4. 点 仅创建密钥 按钮，创建新密钥，点 创建并设置 按钮，创建并设置其他计算机用它来验证。

5. 出来一个 新的 SSH 密钥的密码 对话框，输入密码两遍。

   当选择一个密码短语时，用几个简单的习惯语来生成一个强密码。密码和密码短语的主要区别在于，密码短语里可以使用空格。

### 高级选项

展开 密钥高级选项，可以为密钥指定以下选项：

Encryption Type

  这一项指定生成密钥的加密算法。

  RSA

    使用 Rivest-ShamirAdleman (RSA) 算法创建 SSH 密钥，这是首选的并且非常可靠的选择。

  DSA

    使用 数字签名算法 (DSA) 算法创建 SSH 密钥。

Key Strength (bits)

  这是密钥的位数，位数越长将会越安全，使用一个强的密码短语。当然，用一个长的密钥将会使操作花费更多的时间，合适的值在 1024 - 4096 之间，推荐至少2048位。

## OpenPGP 密钥属性

本节的内容适用于各种 OpenPGP 密钥。

To view properties of a PGP key:

- Select the PGP key from the main window,

- Double click on it or choose Properties from the toolbar,

- Select the Details tab.

### 属性

Fingerprint

  指纹是标记一个密钥的唯一的特征字符串。

KeyID

  密钥 ID 跟指纹类似，但是密钥 ID 只包含指纹的最后8个字符。绝大多数情况，用密钥 ID 就可以标识一个密钥，但是有时候也可能出现两个相同的 ID。

Type

  指定生成一个密钥的加密算法，DSA 密钥用于签名，ElGamal 密钥用于加密。

Created

  密钥的创建日期。

Expires

  标识密钥不能再使用的日期。

Strength

  Indicates the length in bits of a key. In general the longer the key, the more security it provides.

  A long key is not enough to make up for the use of a weak passphrase.

### 信任

“信任”标识您如何确保您通过个人的能力，正确把信任扩展到网络中。当您面对一个还没有签署的密钥时，这个密钥的有效性取决于你是否信任其他签署它的人。

- 未知：您跟签署人不熟悉，不能确定密钥的有效性。

- 从不：这个人不能正确签署密钥。

- 有限的：这个人在签署密钥时检查过照片 ID，但没有仔细审查这个 ID。

- 完全：在签署它们之前，这个人详细审查每一项包括个人照片 ID（例如，他们仅签署的密钥确实属于这个人，要求了个人签名）。

- 彻底：这一级别应该仅限于您自己的密钥。

### 启用和禁用密钥

当启用一个密钥，它可以用来进行加密操作。当禁用了一个密钥，它就不能用来加密或者验证签名。

### 有效期

当一个密钥过期了，它也不能再用来执行密钥操作，延长密钥的期限可以重新启用它，一个好的方法是拥有一个不过期的主密钥和多个子密钥，由主密钥来操作和签署。

### 用户 IDs

用户 IDs 允许多个身份标识和邮箱地址用于同一个密钥。

They usually take the form of:

    Name (comment) <email address>

#### 添加用户 ID

添加用户 ID 是很有用处的，当您想把一个 ID 用于工作，另一个用于好朋友时。

To add a user ID to a key:

- Select the key from the main window,

- Double click on it or choose Properties from the toolbar,

- Select the Names and Signatures tab,

- Click on Add Name.

按照上面的介绍操作，您会看到一个对话框，各个文本框的介绍如下：

Full Name

  Enter your full name in the form

      <first> <last>

  A middle name or initial is optional.

  您必须在这个文本框中至少输入5个字符。

Email Address

  您的邮箱地址是大多数人用来在密钥服务器上查找您的密钥，在继续前请确保其正确性。

  It should be of the form

      <username>@<domainname>

Key Comment

  注释可以用来存放您的新 ID 名称的一些额外信息，这些信息可用于在密钥服务器上的搜索。

### 照片 ID

照片 ID 允许密钥所有者在密钥中添加一幅或几幅图片，这些标识可以像普通用户 ID 那样作为签名，照片 ID 必须用 JPEG 格式，推荐不大于 240x288 像素。

If the chosen image is not of the required file type or size Passwords and Keys can resize and convert it on the fly from any image format supported by the GDK library.

### 更改密码

To change the passphrase assigned to a key:

- Select the key from the main window,

- Double click on it or choose Properties from the toolbar,

- Click on Change Passphrase.

输入新密码然后点 确定 按钮。

### 删除密钥

To delete a key from your keyring:

- Select the key from the main window,

- Right click on it and choose Delete Key or choose Edit Delete Key .

您可以删除个人密钥、信任的密钥和收集来的密钥。

## OpenPGP 子密钥属性

每个 OpenPGP 密钥有一个主密钥仅用于签名，子密钥用于加密和签名。这样一来，如果您的子密钥有问题时，您不必撤消您的主密钥。

ID

  这是子密钥的标识。

Type

  指定用于生成子密钥的加密算法，DSA 密钥仅用于签名，ElGamal 密钥用于加密，在 RSA 密钥用于签名或加密时。

Created

  密钥的创建日期。

Expires

  标识密钥不能再使用的日期。

Status

  指示密钥的状态。

Strength

  Indicates the length in bits of the key. In general the longer the key, the more security it provides.

  A long key is not enough to make up for the use of a weak passphrase.

### 添加子密钥

要添加一个子密钥，在 子密钥 面板里点击 添加 按钮。

按照上面的介绍操作，您会看到一个对话框，各个文本框的介绍如下：

密钥类型

  指定生成子密钥的加密算法。

  DSA

    使用 数字签名算法 (DSA) 来创建子密钥，它仅用于签名。

  ElGamal

    使用 ElGamal 算法来创建子密钥，它仅用于加密。

  RSA

    使用 Rivest-Shamir Adleman (RSA) 算法创建子密钥，这个子密钥可以用于签名或加密，但您得创建两个不同的子密钥。

密钥长度

  标明子密钥的长度位数，通常越长的密钥越安全。

有效期

  标明子密钥不能再使用的日期。

### 更改子密钥的有效期

To change a subkey expiration date, select the subkey from the Subkeys section, then:

- Click on the Expire button on the left,

- From the date dialog choose the new expiration date or select Never expires for no expiration date.

### 撤消一个子密钥

To revoke a subkey, select the subkey from the Subkeys section, then:

- Click on the Revoke button on the left,

- Choose a reason why to revoke the subkey:

  No Reason

    There isn't a specific reason to revoke the key.

  Compromised

    The key has been compromised.

  Superseded

    The key has been superseded by another one.

  Not Used

    The key is not used anymore.

- Enter a description of why you are revoking the key,

- Click on Revoke.

撤消密钥将立即生效。

### 删除子密钥

To delete a subkey, select the subkey from the Subkeys section, then:

- Click on the Delete button on the left.

## SSH 密钥属性

这一节的讲述适用于所有 SSH 密钥。

To view properties of a SSH key:

- Select the Secure Shell key from the main window,

- Double click on it or choose Properties from the toolbar,

- Select the Details tab.

### 属性

Fingerprint

  指纹是标记一个密钥的唯一的特征字符串。

Algorithm

  指出生成密钥的加密算法。

Location

  私钥 存储的位置。

Strength

  Indicates the length in bits of a key. In general the longer the key, the more security it provides.

  A long key is not enough to make up for the use of a weak passphrase.

### 删除一个 SSH 密钥

To delete a Secure Shell key:

- Select the SSH key from the main window,

- Right click on it and choose Delete key or choose Edit Delete Key .

## 导入密钥

To import keys choose File Import and select, from the file chooser, a file containing at least one ASCII armored public key.

Importing can also be performed by pasting the keys inside Passwords and Keys:

- Select an ASCII armored public block of text,

- Copy it to the clipboard,

- Choose Edit Paste Keys .

## 导出密钥

To export keys, select the keys in the main window and choose File Export .

You can also export keys to the clipboard in an ASCII armored block of text:

- Select the keys in the main window,

- Choose Edit Copy Keys .

## 签署密钥

签署别人的密钥意味着您信任那个人，在签署之前，您应该仔细检查密钥的指纹确定密钥确实属于那个人。

To sign a key in your keyring:

- Select the key you want to sign from the Trusted Keys or Other Collected Keys tabs,

- Choose Sign from the toolbar or File Sign ,

- Select how carefully the key has been checked,

- Indicate if the signature should be local to your keyring, and if your signature can be revoked,

- Click on Sign.

## 首选项

This section describes the preferences settable in Passwords and Keys by choosing Edit Preferences from within Passwords and Keys.

### 密码密钥环

#### 创建密钥环

要创建一个新的密钥环，点菜单 文件新建，然后选 密码密钥环，输入一个名称，然后按回车键。

#### 更改密钥环密码

要更改密钥环的解锁密码，首先选中它，然后点 更改解锁密码。出来一个对话框，提示在 旧密码 框中输入原先的密码，在 新密码 框中输入新的密码，再在 确认密码 框中再输入一遍新密码，然后点 更改 应用。如果旧密码正确，您会看到一个操作成功的提示，如果旧密码不正确，将会提示重新输入。

#### 删除密钥环

To remove a keyring, first select the appropriate keyring and then from the menu choose Edit Delete.

### 密钥服务器

在远程服务器上通过定期同步，来保持您的和其他人的密钥最新。同步将确保你有最近的所有密钥的签名，以使信任的网络保持最有用。

Passwords and Keys provides support for HKP and LDAP keyservers.

HKP Servers

  HKP keyservers are ordinary web based keyservers such as the popular hkp://pool.sks-keyservers.net, also accessible at http://sks-keyservers.net.

LDAP Keyservers

  LDAP 密钥服务器很少见，但它使用标准的 LDAP 协议来管理密钥。ldap://keyserver.pgp.com 是一个好的 LDAP 服务器。

### 分享密钥

Key Sharing is provided by DNS-SD, also known as Bonjour or Rendevous. Enabling key sharing will add the local Passwords and Keys users' public key rings to the remote search dialog. Using these local "key servers" will most likely be faster than accessing remote servers.

## About Passwords and Keys

Passwords and Keys, its associated plugins, the preferences applet and the panel applet are known collectively as Seahorse. Seahorse was written by Jacob Perkins. The current maintainers are Stef Walter and Adam Schreiber. This manual is by Adam Schreiber. The project's web site was designed by Jim Pharis. To find more information about Seahorse, the project , please visit the Seahorse web page.

To report a bug or make a suggestion regarding this application or this manual, follow the directions in the Feedback section of the GNOME User Guide.

This program is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public license as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. A copy of this license is included with this documentation; another can be found in the file COPYING included with the source code of this program.