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    #![unstable(reason = "not public", issue = "0", feature = "fd")]

    use cmp;
    use io::{self, Read, Initializer};
    use libc::{self, c_int, c_void, ssize_t};
    use mem;
    use sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
    use sys::cvt;
    use sys_common::AsInner;

    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub struct FileDesc {
        fd: c_int,
    }

    fn max_len() -> usize {
        // The maximum read limit on most posix-like systems is `SSIZE_MAX`,
        // with the man page quoting that if the count of bytes to read is
        // greater than `SSIZE_MAX` the result is "unspecified".
        //
        // On macOS, however, apparently the 64-bit libc is either buggy or
        // intentionally showing odd behavior by rejecting any read with a size
        // larger than or equal to INT_MAX. To handle both of these the read
        // size is capped on both platforms.
        if cfg!(target_os = "macos") {
            <c_int>::max_value() as usize - 1
        } else {
            <ssize_t>::max_value() as usize
        }
    }

    impl FileDesc {
        pub fn new(fd: c_int) -> FileDesc {
            FileDesc { fd }
        }

        pub fn raw(&self) -> c_int { self.fd }

        /// Extracts the actual file descriptor without closing it.
        pub fn into_raw(self) -> c_int {
            let fd = self.fd;
            mem::forget(self);
            fd
        }

        pub fn read(&self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
            let ret = cvt(unsafe {
                libc::read(self.fd,
                           buf.as_mut_ptr() as *mut c_void,
                           cmp::min(buf.len(), max_len()))
            })?;
            Ok(ret as usize)
        }

        pub fn read_to_end(&self, buf: &mut Vec<u8>) -> io::Result<usize> {
            let mut me = self;
            (&mut me).read_to_end(buf)
        }

        pub fn read_at(&self, buf: &mut [u8], offset: u64) -> io::Result<usize> {
            #[cfg(target_os = "android")]
            use super::android::cvt_pread64;

            #[cfg(target_os = "emscripten")]
            unsafe fn cvt_pread64(fd: c_int, buf: *mut c_void, count: usize, offset: i64)
                -> io::Result<isize>
            {
                use convert::TryInto;
                use libc::pread64;
                // pread64 on emscripten actually takes a 32 bit offset
                if let Ok(o) = offset.try_into() {
                    cvt(pread64(fd, buf, count, o))
                } else {
                    Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                                       "cannot pread >2GB"))
                }
            }

            #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "emscripten")))]
            unsafe fn cvt_pread64(fd: c_int, buf: *mut c_void, count: usize, offset: i64)
                -> io::Result<isize>
            {
                #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
                use libc::pread64;
                #[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
                use libc::pread as pread64;
                cvt(pread64(fd, buf, count, offset))
            }

            unsafe {
                cvt_pread64(self.fd,
                            buf.as_mut_ptr() as *mut c_void,
                            cmp::min(buf.len(), max_len()),
                            offset as i64)
                    .map(|n| n as usize)
            }
        }

        pub fn write(&self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
            let ret = cvt(unsafe {
                libc::write(self.fd,
                            buf.as_ptr() as *const c_void,
                            cmp::min(buf.len(), max_len()))
            })?;
            Ok(ret as usize)
        }

        pub fn write_at(&self, buf: &[u8], offset: u64) -> io::Result<usize> {
            #[cfg(target_os = "android")]
            use super::android::cvt_pwrite64;

            #[cfg(target_os = "emscripten")]
            unsafe fn cvt_pwrite64(fd: c_int, buf: *const c_void, count: usize, offset: i64)
                -> io::Result<isize>
            {
                use convert::TryInto;
                use libc::pwrite64;
                // pwrite64 on emscripten actually takes a 32 bit offset
                if let Ok(o) = offset.try_into() {
                    cvt(pwrite64(fd, buf, count, o))
                } else {
                    Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                                       "cannot pwrite >2GB"))
                }
            }

            #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "emscripten")))]
            unsafe fn cvt_pwrite64(fd: c_int, buf: *const c_void, count: usize, offset: i64)
                -> io::Result<isize>
            {
                #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
                use libc::pwrite64;
                #[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
                use libc::pwrite as pwrite64;
                cvt(pwrite64(fd, buf, count, offset))
            }

            unsafe {
                cvt_pwrite64(self.fd,
                             buf.as_ptr() as *const c_void,
                             cmp::min(buf.len(), max_len()),
                             offset as i64)
                    .map(|n| n as usize)
            }
        }

        #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
        pub fn get_cloexec(&self) -> io::Result<bool> {
            unsafe {
                Ok((cvt(libc::fcntl(self.fd, libc::F_GETFD))? & libc::FD_CLOEXEC) != 0)
            }
        }

        #[cfg(not(any(target_env = "newlib",
                      target_os = "solaris",
                      target_os = "emscripten",
                      target_os = "fuchsia",
                      target_os = "l4re",
                      target_os = "haiku")))]
        pub fn set_cloexec(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
            unsafe {
                cvt(libc::ioctl(self.fd, libc::FIOCLEX))?;
                Ok(())
            }
        }
        #[cfg(any(target_env = "newlib",
                  target_os = "solaris",
                  target_os = "emscripten",
                  target_os = "fuchsia",
                  target_os = "l4re",
                  target_os = "haiku"))]
        pub fn set_cloexec(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
            unsafe {
                let previous = cvt(libc::fcntl(self.fd, libc::F_GETFD))?;
                let new = previous | libc::FD_CLOEXEC;
                if new != previous {
                    cvt(libc::fcntl(self.fd, libc::F_SETFD, new))?;
                }
                Ok(())
            }
        }

        #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
        pub fn set_nonblocking(&self, nonblocking: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
            unsafe {
                let v = nonblocking as c_int;
                cvt(libc::ioctl(self.fd, libc::FIONBIO, &v))?;
                Ok(())
            }
        }

        #[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
        pub fn set_nonblocking(&self, nonblocking: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
            unsafe {
                let previous = cvt(libc::fcntl(self.fd, libc::F_GETFL))?;
                let new = if nonblocking {
                    previous | libc::O_NONBLOCK
                } else {
                    previous & !libc::O_NONBLOCK
                };
                if new != previous {
                    cvt(libc::fcntl(self.fd, libc::F_SETFL, new))?;
                }
                Ok(())
            }
        }

        pub fn duplicate(&self) -> io::Result<FileDesc> {
            // We want to atomically duplicate this file descriptor and set the
            // CLOEXEC flag, and currently that's done via F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC. This
            // flag, however, isn't supported on older Linux kernels (earlier than
            // 2.6.24).
            //
            // To detect this and ensure that CLOEXEC is still set, we
            // follow a strategy similar to musl [1] where if passing
            // F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC causes `fcntl` to return EINVAL it means it's not
            // supported (the third parameter, 0, is always valid), so we stop
            // trying that.
            //
            // Also note that Android doesn't have F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, but get it to
            // resolve so we at least compile this.
            //
            // [1]: http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.linux.lib.musl.general/2963
            #[cfg(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "haiku"))]
            use libc::F_DUPFD as F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC;
            #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_os="haiku")))]
            use libc::F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC;

            let make_filedesc = |fd| {
                let fd = FileDesc::new(fd);
                fd.set_cloexec()?;
                Ok(fd)
            };
            static TRY_CLOEXEC: AtomicBool =
                AtomicBool::new(!cfg!(target_os = "android"));
            let fd = self.raw();
            if TRY_CLOEXEC.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
                match cvt(unsafe { libc::fcntl(fd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 0) }) {
                    // We *still* call the `set_cloexec` method as apparently some
                    // linux kernel at some point stopped setting CLOEXEC even
                    // though it reported doing so on F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC.
                    Ok(fd) => {
                        return Ok(if cfg!(target_os = "linux") {
                            make_filedesc(fd)?
                        } else {
                            FileDesc::new(fd)
                        })
                    }
                    Err(ref e) if e.raw_os_error() == Some(libc::EINVAL) => {
                        TRY_CLOEXEC.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
                    }
                    Err(e) => return Err(e),
                }
            }
            cvt(unsafe { libc::fcntl(fd, libc::F_DUPFD, 0) }).and_then(make_filedesc)
        }
    }

    impl<'a> Read for &'a FileDesc {
        fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
            (**self).read(buf)
        }

        #[inline]
        unsafe fn initializer(&self) -> Initializer {
            Initializer::nop()
        }
    }

    impl AsInner<c_int> for FileDesc {
        fn as_inner(&self) -> &c_int { &self.fd }
    }

    impl Drop for FileDesc {
        fn drop(&mut self) {
            // Note that errors are ignored when closing a file descriptor. The
            // reason for this is that if an error occurs we don't actually know if
            // the file descriptor was closed or not, and if we retried (for
            // something like EINTR), we might close another valid file descriptor
            // opened after we closed ours.
            let _ = unsafe { libc::close(self.fd) };
        }
    }

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