# List of warnings

Warnings produced by Luacheck are categorized using three-digit warning codes. Warning codes can be displayed in CLI output using `--codes` CLI option or `codes` config option. Errors also have codes starting with zero; unlike warnings, they can not be ignored.

Code | Description
--- | ---
011 | A syntax error.
021 | An invalid inline option.
022 | An unpaired inline push directive.
023 | An unpaired inline pop directive.
111 | Setting an undefined global variable.
112 | Mutating an undefined global variable.
113 | Accessing an undefined global variable.
121 | Setting a read-only global variable.
122 | Setting a read-only field of a global variable.
131 | Unused implicitly defined global variable.
142 | Setting an undefined field of a global variable.
143 | Accessing an undefined field of a global variable.
211 | Unused local variable.
212 | Unused argument.
213 | Unused loop variable.
221 | Local variable is accessed but never set.
231 | Local variable is set but never accessed.
232 | An argument is set but never accessed.
233 | Loop variable is set but never accessed.
241 | Local variable is mutated but never accessed.
311 | Value assigned to a local variable is unused.
312 | Value of an argument is unused.
313 | Value of a loop variable is unused.
314 | Value of a field in a table literal is unused.
321 | Accessing uninitialized local variable.
331 | Value assigned to a local variable is mutated but never accessed.
341 | Mutating uninitialized local variable.
411 | Redefining a local variable.
412 | Redefining an argument.
413 | Redefining a loop variable.
421 | Shadowing a local variable.
422 | Shadowing an argument.
423 | Shadowing a loop variable.
431 | Shadowing an upvalue.
432 | Shadowing an upvalue argument.
433 | Shadowing an upvalue loop variable.
511 | Unreachable code.
512 | Loop can be executed at most once.
521 | Unused label.
531 | Left-hand side of an assignment is too short.
532 | Left-hand side of an assignment is too long.
541 | An empty `do` `end` block.
542 | An empty `if` branch.
551 | An empty statement.
611 | A line consists of nothing but whitespace.
612 | A line contains trailing whitespace.
613 | Trailing whitespace in a string.
614 | Trailing whitespace in a comment.
621 | Inconsistent indentation (`SPACE` followed by `TAB`).
631 | Line is too long.

## Global variables (1xx)

For each file, Luacheck builds list of defined globals and fields which can be used there. By default only globals from Lua standard library are defined; custom globals can be added using `--globals` CLI option or `globals` config option, and version of standard library can be selected using `--std` CLI option or `std` config option. When an undefined global or field is set, mutated or accessed, Luacheck produces a warning.

### Read-only globals

By default, most standard globals and fields are marked as read-only, so that setting them produces a warning. Custom read-only globals and fields can be added using `--read-globals` CLI option or `read_globals` config option, or using a custom set of globals. See Custom sets of globals

Globals and fields that are not read-only by default:

- `_G`

- `_ENV` (treated as a global by Luacheck)

- `package.path`

- `package.cpath`

- `package.loaded`

- `package.preload`

- `package.loaders`

- `package.searchers`

### Implicitly defined globals

Luacheck can be configured to consider globals assigned under some conditions to be defined implicitly. When `-d`/`--allow_defined` CLI option or `allow_defined` config option is used, all assignments to globals define them; when `-t`/`--allow_defined_top` CLI option or `allow_defined_top` config option is used, assignments to globals in the top level function scope (also known as main chunk) define them. A warning is produced when an implicitly defined global is not accessed anywhere.

### Modules

Files can be marked as modules using `-m`/`--module` CLI option or `module` config option to simulate semantics of the deprecated module function. Globals implicitly defined inside a module are considired part of its interface, are not visible outside and are not reported as unused. Assignments to other globals are not allowed, even to defined ones.

## Unused variables (2xx) and values (3xx)

Luacheck generates warnings for all unused local variables except one named `_`. It also detects variables which are set but never accessed or accessed but never set.

### Unused values and uninitialized variables

For each value assigned to a local variable, Luacheck computes set of expressions where it could be used. Warnings are produced for unused values (when a value can’t be used anywhere) and for accessing uninitialized variables (when no values can reach an expression). E.g. in the following snippet value assigned to `foo` on line 1 is unused, and variable `bar` is uninitialized on line 9:

     1local foo = expr1()
     2local bar
     3
     4if condition() then
     5   foo = expr2()
     6   bar = expr3()
     7else
     8   foo = expr4()
     9   print(bar)
    10end
    11
    12return foo, bar

### Secondary values and variables

Unused value assigned to a local variable is secondary if its origin is the last item on the RHS of assignment, and another value from that item is used. Secondary values typically appear when result of a function call is put into locals, and only some of them are later used. For example, here value assigned to `b` is secondary, value assigned to `c` is used, and value assigned to `a` is simply unused:

    1local a, b, c = f(), g()
    2
    3return c

A variable is secondary if all values assigned to it are secondary. In the snippet above, `b` is a secondary variable.

Warnings related to unused secondary values and variables can be removed using `-s`/`--no-unused-secondaries` CLI option or `unused_secondaries` config option.

## Shadowing declarations (4xx)

Luacheck detects declarations of local variables shadowing previous declarations, unless the variable is named `_`. If the previous declaration is in the same scope as the new one, it is called redefining.

Note that it is not necessary to define a new local variable when overwriting an argument:

    1local function f(x)
    2   local x = x or "default" -- bad
    3end
    4
    5local function f(x)
    6   x = x or "default" -- good
    7end

## Control flow and data flow issues (5xx)

### Unreachable code

Luacheck detects unreachable code. It also detects it if end of a loop block is unreachable, which means that the loop can be executed at most once:

    1for i = 1, 100 do
    2   -- Break statement is outside the `if` block,
    3   -- so that the loop always stops after the first iteration.
    4   if cond(i) then f() end break
    5end

### Unused labels

Labels that are not used by any `goto` statements are reported as unused.

### Unbalanced assignments

If an assignment has left side and right side with different lengths, the assignment is unbalanced and Luacheck warns about it.

An exception is initializing several local variables in a single statement while leaving some uninitialized:

    1local a, b, c = nil -- Effectively sets `a`, `b`, and `c` to nil, no warning.

### Empty blocks

Luacheck warns about empty `do` `end` blocks and empty `if` branches (`then` `else`, `then` `elseif`, and `then` `end`).

### Empty statements

In Lua 5.2+ semicolons are considered statements and can appear even when not following normal statements. Such semicolons produce Luacheck warnings as they are completely useless.

## Formatting issues (6xx)

### Whitespace issues

Luacheck warns about trailing whitespace and inconsistent indentation (`SPACE` followed by `TAB`).

Some examples of trailing whitespace Luacheck finds:

    1-- Whitespace example.
    2print("Hello")
    3
    4print("World")

Here:

- Any tabs or spaces after either `)` would be considered trailing.

- Any tabs or spaces after the `.` in the comment would be considered trailing

- Any tabs or spaces on the empty line between the two `print` statements would also be considered a form of trailing whitespace.

Trailing whitespace in any of these forms is useless, can be a nuisance to developers navigating around a file, and is forbidden in many formatting styles.

### Line length limits

Luacheck warns about lines that are longer then some limit. Default limit is `120` characters. It’s possible to change this limit using `--max-line-length` CLI option or disable the check completely with `--no-max-line-length`; there are similar config and inline options.

Additionally, separate limits can be set for three different type of lines:

- “String” lines have their line ending inside a string, typically a long string using `[[...]]` syntax.

- “Comment” lines have their line ending inside a long comment (`--[[...]]`), or end with a short comment using normal `--...` syntax.

- “Code” lines are all other lines.

These types of lines are limited using CLI options named `--[no-]max-string-line-length`, `--[no-]max-comment-line-length`, and `--[no-]max-code-line-length`, with similar config and inline options.