Release: 1.4.49 | Release Date: July 5, 2023

# SQLAlchemy 1.4 Documentation

# SQLAlchemy 2.0 Future (Core)

This package includes a relatively small number of transitional elements to allow “2.0 mode” to take place within SQLAlchemy 1.4. The primary objects provided here are `Engine` and `Connection`, which are both subclasses of the existing `Engine` and `Connection` objects with essentially a smaller set of methods and the removal of “autocommit”.

Within the 1.4 series, the “2.0” style of engines and connections is enabled by passing the `create_engine.future` flag to `create_engine()`:

    from sqlalchemy import create_engine

    engine = create_engine("postgresql://user:pass@host/dbname", future=True)

Similarly, with the ORM, to enable “future” behavior in the ORM `Session`, pass the `Session.future` parameter either to the `Session` constructor directly, or via the `sessionmaker` class:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

    Session = sessionmaker(engine, future=True)

See also

Migrating to SQLAlchemy 2.0 - Introduction to the 2.0 series of SQLAlchemy

Object Name | Description
--- | ---
Connection | Provides high-level functionality for a wrapped DB-API connection.
create_engine(*arg, **kw) | Create a new `Engine` instance.
Engine | Connects a `Pool` and `Dialect` together to provide a source of database connectivity and behavior.
select(*entities) | Construct a new `Select` using the 2. x style API.

class sqlalchemy.future.Connection(engine, connection=None, close_with_result=False, _branch_from=None, _execution_options=None, _dispatch=None, _has_events=None, _allow_revalidate=True)

  Provides high-level functionality for a wrapped DB-API connection.

  The `Connection` object is procured by calling the `Engine.connect()` method of the `Engine` object, and provides services for execution of SQL statements as well as transaction control.

  This is the SQLAlchemy 2.0 version of the `Connection` class. The API and behavior of this object is largely the same, with the following differences in behavior:

  - The result object returned for results is the `CursorResult` object, which is a subclass of the `Result`. This object has a slightly different API and behavior than the `LegacyCursorResult` returned for 1.x style usage.

  - The object has `Connection.commit()` and `Connection.rollback()` methods which commit or roll back the current transaction in progress, if any.

  - The object features “autobegin” behavior, such that any call to `Connection.execute()` will unconditionally start a transaction which can be controlled using the above mentioned `Connection.commit()` and `Connection.rollback()` methods.

  - The object does not have any “autocommit” functionality. Any SQL statement or DDL statement will not be followed by any COMMIT until the transaction is explicitly committed, either via the `Connection.commit()` method, or if the connection is being used in a context manager that commits such as the one returned by `Engine.begin()`.

  - The SAVEPOINT method `Connection.begin_nested()` returns a `NestedTransaction` as was always the case, and the savepoint can be controlled by invoking `NestedTransaction.commit()` or `NestedTransaction.rollback()` as was the case before. However, this savepoint “transaction” is not associated with the transaction that is controlled by the connection itself; the overall transaction can be committed or rolled back directly which will not emit any special instructions for the SAVEPOINT (this will typically have the effect that one desires).

  - The `Connection` object does not support “branching”, which was a pattern by which a sub “connection” would be used that refers to this connection as a parent.

  Members

  begin(), begin_nested(), close(), commit(), execute(), rollback(), scalar()

  Class signature

  class `sqlalchemy.future.Connection` (`sqlalchemy.engine.Connection`)

  method `sqlalchemy.future.Connection.`begin()

    Begin a transaction prior to autobegin occurring.

    The returned object is an instance of `RootTransaction`. This object represents the “scope” of the transaction, which completes when either the `Transaction.rollback()` or `Transaction.commit()` method is called.

    The `Connection.begin()` method in SQLAlchemy 2.0 begins a transaction that normally will be begun in any case when the connection is first used to execute a statement. The reason this method might be used would be to invoke the `ConnectionEvents.begin()` event at a specific time, or to organize code within the scope of a connection checkout in terms of context managed blocks, such as:

        with engine.connect() as conn:
            with conn.begin():
                conn.execute(...)
                conn.execute(...)

            with conn.begin():
                conn.execute(...)
                conn.execute(...)

    The above code is not fundamentally any different in its behavior than the following code which does not use `Connection.begin()`; the below style is referred towards as “commit as you go” style:

        with engine.connect() as conn:
            conn.execute(...)
            conn.execute(...)
            conn.commit()

            conn.execute(...)
            conn.execute(...)
            conn.commit()

    From a database point of view, the `Connection.begin()` method does not emit any SQL or change the state of the underlying DBAPI connection in any way; the Python DBAPI does not have any concept of explicit transaction begin.

    See also

    Working with Transactions and the DBAPI - in the SQLAlchemy 1.4 / 2.0 Tutorial

    `Connection.begin_nested()` - use a SAVEPOINT

    `Connection.begin_twophase()` - use a two phase /XID transaction

    `Engine.begin()` - context manager available from `Engine`

  method `sqlalchemy.future.Connection.`begin_nested()

    Begin a nested transaction (i.e. SAVEPOINT) and return a transaction handle.

    The returned object is an instance of `NestedTransaction`.

    Nested transactions require SAVEPOINT support in the underlying database. Any transaction in the hierarchy may `commit` and `rollback`, however the outermost transaction still controls the overall `commit` or `rollback` of the transaction of a whole.

    If an outer `RootTransaction` is not present on this `Connection`, a new one is created using “autobegin”. This outer transaction may be completed using “commit-as-you-go” style usage, by calling upon `Connection.commit()` or `Connection.rollback()`.

    Tip

    The “autobegin” behavior of `Connection.begin_nested()` is specific to 2.0 style use; for legacy behaviors, see `Connection.begin_nested()`.

    The `NestedTransaction` remains independent of the `Connection` object itself. Calling the `Connection.commit()` or `Connection.rollback()` will always affect the actual containing database transaction itself, and not the SAVEPOINT itself. When a database transaction is committed, any SAVEPOINTs that have been established are cleared and the data changes within their scope is also committed.

    See also

    `Connection.begin()`

  method `sqlalchemy.future.Connection.`close()

    Close this `Connection`.

    This has the effect of also calling `Connection.rollback()` if any transaction is in place.

  method `sqlalchemy.future.Connection.`commit()

    Commit the transaction that is currently in progress.

    This method commits the current transaction if one has been started. If no transaction was started, the method has no effect, assuming the connection is in a non-invalidated state.

    A transaction is begun on a `Connection` automatically whenever a statement is first executed, or when the `Connection.begin()` method is called.

    Note

    The `Connection.commit()` method only acts upon the primary database transaction that is linked to the `Connection` object. It does not operate upon a SAVEPOINT that would have been invoked from the `Connection.begin_nested()` method; for control of a SAVEPOINT, call `NestedTransaction.commit()` on the `NestedTransaction` that is returned by the `Connection.begin_nested()` method itself.

  method `sqlalchemy.future.Connection.`execute(statement, parameters=None, execution_options=None)

    Executes a SQL statement construct and returns a `Result`.

    Parameters:

      - statement –

        The statement to be executed. This is always an object that is in both the `ClauseElement` and `Executable` hierarchies, including:

        - `Select`

        - `Insert`, `Update`, `Delete`

        - `TextClause` and `TextualSelect`

        - `DDL` and objects which inherit from `DDLElement`

      - parameters – parameters which will be bound into the statement. This may be either a dictionary of parameter names to values, or a mutable sequence (e.g. a list) of dictionaries. When a list of dictionaries is passed, the underlying statement execution will make use of the DBAPI `cursor.executemany()` method. When a single dictionary is passed, the DBAPI `cursor.execute()` method will be used.

      - execution_options – optional dictionary of execution options, which will be associated with the statement execution. This dictionary can provide a subset of the options that are accepted by `Connection.execution_options()`.

    Returns:

      a `Result` object.

  method `sqlalchemy.future.Connection.`rollback()

    Roll back the transaction that is currently in progress.

    This method rolls back the current transaction if one has been started. If no transaction was started, the method has no effect. If a transaction was started and the connection is in an invalidated state, the transaction is cleared using this method.

    A transaction is begun on a `Connection` automatically whenever a statement is first executed, or when the `Connection.begin()` method is called.

    Note

    The `Connection.rollback()` method only acts upon the primary database transaction that is linked to the `Connection` object. It does not operate upon a SAVEPOINT that would have been invoked from the `Connection.begin_nested()` method; for control of a SAVEPOINT, call `NestedTransaction.rollback()` on the `NestedTransaction` that is returned by the `Connection.begin_nested()` method itself.

  method `sqlalchemy.future.Connection.`scalar(statement, parameters=None, execution_options=None)

    Executes a SQL statement construct and returns a scalar object.

    This method is shorthand for invoking the `Result.scalar()` method after invoking the `Connection.execute()` method. Parameters are equivalent.

    Returns:

      a scalar Python value representing the first column of the first row returned.

function sqlalchemy.future.create_engine(*arg, **kw)

  Create a new `Engine` instance.

  Arguments passed to `create_engine()` are mostly identical to those passed to the 1.x `create_engine()` function. The difference is that the object returned is the `Engine` which has the 2.0 version of the API.

class sqlalchemy.future.Engine(pool, dialect, url, logging_name=None, echo=None, query_cache_size=500, execution_options=None, hide_parameters=False)

  Connects a `Pool` and `Dialect` together to provide a source of database connectivity and behavior.

  This is the SQLAlchemy 2.0 version of the `Engine`.

  An `Engine` object is instantiated publicly using the `create_engine()` function.

  See also

  Engine Configuration

  Working with Engines and Connections

  Members

  begin(), connect(), execute(), has_table(), run_callable(), scalar(), table_names(), transaction()

  Class signature

  class `sqlalchemy.future.Engine` (`sqlalchemy.engine.Engine`)

  method `sqlalchemy.future.Engine.`begin()

    Return a `Connection` object with a transaction begun.

    Use of this method is similar to that of `Engine.connect()`, typically as a context manager, which will automatically maintain the state of the transaction when the block ends, either by calling `Connection.commit()` when the block succeeds normally, or `Connection.rollback()` when an exception is raised, before propagating the exception outwards:

        with engine.begin() as connection:
            connection.execute(text("insert into table values ('foo')"))

    See also

    `Engine.connect()`

    `Connection.begin()`

  method `sqlalchemy.future.Engine.`connect()

    Return a new `Connection` object.

    The `Connection` acts as a Python context manager, so the typical use of this method looks like:

        with engine.connect() as connection:
            connection.execute(text("insert into table values ('foo')"))
            connection.commit()

    Where above, after the block is completed, the connection is “closed” and its underlying DBAPI resources are returned to the connection pool. This also has the effect of rolling back any transaction that was explicitly begun or was begun via autobegin, and will emit the `ConnectionEvents.rollback()` event if one was started and is still in progress.

    See also

    `Engine.begin()`

  method `sqlalchemy.future.Engine.`execute(*arg, **kw)

    Executes the given construct and returns a `CursorResult`.

    Deprecated since version 1.4: The `Engine.execute()` method is considered legacy as of the 1.x series of SQLAlchemy and will be removed in 2.0. All statement execution in SQLAlchemy 2.0 is performed by the `Connection.execute()` method of `Connection`, or in the ORM by the `Session.execute()` method of `Session`. (Background on SQLAlchemy 2.0 at: Migrating to SQLAlchemy 2.0)

    The arguments are the same as those used by `Connection.execute()`.

    Here, a `Connection` is acquired using the `Engine.connect()` method, and the statement executed with that connection. The returned `CursorResult` is flagged such that when the `CursorResult` is exhausted and its underlying cursor is closed, the `Connection` created here will also be closed, which allows its associated DBAPI connection resource to be returned to the connection pool.

  method `sqlalchemy.future.Engine.`has_table(*arg, **kw)

    Return True if the given backend has a table of the given name.

    Deprecated since version 1.4: The `Engine.has_table()` method is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please refer to `Inspector.has_table()`.

    See also

    Fine Grained Reflection with Inspector - detailed schema inspection using the `Inspector` interface.

    `quoted_name` - used to pass quoting information along with a schema identifier.

  method `sqlalchemy.future.Engine.`run_callable(*arg, **kw)

    Given a callable object or function, execute it, passing a `Connection` as the first argument.

    Deprecated since version 1.4: The `Engine.run_callable()` method is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Use the `Engine.begin()` context manager instead.

    The given *args and **kwargs are passed subsequent to the `Connection` argument.

    This function, along with `Connection.run_callable()`, allows a function to be run with a `Connection` or `Engine` object without the need to know which one is being dealt with.

  method `sqlalchemy.future.Engine.`scalar(*arg, **kw)

    Executes and returns the first column of the first row.

    Deprecated since version 1.4: The `Engine.scalar()` method is considered legacy as of the 1.x series of SQLAlchemy and will be removed in 2.0. All statement execution in SQLAlchemy 2.0 is performed by the `Connection.execute()` method of `Connection`, or in the ORM by the `Session.execute()` method of `Session`; the `Result.scalar()` method can then be used to return a scalar result. (Background on SQLAlchemy 2.0 at: Migrating to SQLAlchemy 2.0)

    The underlying result/cursor is closed after execution.

  method `sqlalchemy.future.Engine.`table_names(*arg, **kw)

    Return a list of all table names available in the database.

    Deprecated since version 1.4: The `Engine.table_names()` method is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please refer to `Inspector.get_table_names()`.

    Parameters:

      - schema – Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.

      - connection – Optional, use a specified connection.

  method `sqlalchemy.future.Engine.`transaction(*arg, **kw)

    Execute the given function within a transaction boundary.

    Deprecated since version 1.4: The `Engine.transaction()` method is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Use the `Engine.begin()` context manager instead.

    The function is passed a `Connection` newly procured from `Engine.connect()` as the first argument, followed by the given *args and **kwargs.

    e.g.:

        def do_something(conn, x, y):
            conn.execute(text("some statement"), {'x':x, 'y':y})

        engine.transaction(do_something, 5, 10)

    The operations inside the function are all invoked within the context of a single `Transaction`. Upon success, the transaction is committed. If an exception is raised, the transaction is rolled back before propagating the exception.

    Note

    The `transaction()` method is superseded by the usage of the Python `with:` statement, which can be used with `Engine.begin()`:

        with engine.begin() as conn:
            conn.execute(text("some statement"), {'x':5, 'y':10})

    See also

    `Engine.begin()` - engine-level transactional context

    `Connection.transaction()` - connection-level version of `Engine.transaction()`

function sqlalchemy.future.select(*entities)

  Construct a new `Select` using the 2. x style API.

  New in version 1.4: - The `select()` function now accepts column arguments positionally. The top-level `select()` function will automatically use the 1.x or 2.x style API based on the incoming arguments; using `select()` from the `sqlalchemy.future` module will enforce that only the 2.x style constructor is used.

  Similar functionality is also available via the `FromClause.select()` method on any `FromClause`.

  See also

  Selecting - Core Tutorial description of `select()`.

  Parameters:

    *entities –

    Entities to SELECT from. For Core usage, this is typically a series of `ColumnElement` and / or `FromClause` objects which will form the columns clause of the resulting statement. For those objects that are instances of `FromClause` (typically `Table` or `Alias` objects), the `FromClause.c` collection is extracted to form a collection of `ColumnElement` objects.

    This parameter will also accept `TextClause` constructs as given, as well as ORM-mapped classes.